Green Revolution - Knowledge (XXH) (2024)

1135:

to solve China's food security issues by focusing on traditional crop production, biological pest control, the implementation of modern technology and science, creating food reserves for the population, high-yield seed varieties, multi-cropping, controlled irrigation, and protecting food security. This began with the Agrarian Reform Law of 1950, which ended private land ownership and gave land back to the peasants. Unlike with Mexico, the Philippines, India, or Brazil, the beginning of China's unique Green Revolution were unrelated to the American "Green Revolution." Rather, it was characterized by the government's sponsorship of agricultural research in concert with peasant knowledge and feedback, earlier international research, nature-based pest control and many other non-industrial agricultural practices, in order to feed the rapidly growing population.

1940:

started adopting the Green Revolution in the 1950s, the world's food systems have been increasingly designed along industrial models, the idea being that, if people are able to purchase industrial inputs, then they can produce a large amount of food. Productivity was not measured in terms of human and environmental health, but exclusively in terms of commodity output and economic growth. This same system disrupted carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles because it requires farmers to depend on fossil fuel- based machines and chemical inputs, displacing long-standing regenerative and integrated farming practices." The IPCC's synthesis of recent findings states similarly "intensive agriculture during the second half of the 20th century led to

1546:

1603:

deprivation; it has given man a breathing space. If fully implemented, the revolution can provide sufficient food for sustenance during the next three decades. But the frightening power of human reproduction must also be curbed; otherwise the success of the green revolution will be ephemeral only. Most people still fail to comprehend the magnitude and menace of the "Population Monster"...Since man is potentially a rational being, however, I am confident that within the next two decades he will recognize the self-destructive course he steers along the road of irresponsible population growth..."

1444:

878:, that had revolutionized the hybridization of seed corn to greatly increase crop yields. He became appalled at the meager corn yields in Mexico, where 80 percent of the people lived off the land, and a Mexican farmer had to work as much as 500 hours to produce a single bushel of corn, about 50 times longer than the typical Iowa farmer planting hybrid seed. Wallace persuaded the Rockefeller Foundation to fund an agricultural station in Mexico to hybridize corn and wheat for arid climates, and to lead it, he hired a young Iowa agronomist named1065:

made the Philippines a rice exporter for the first time in the 20th century, though imports still exceeded exports, according to data from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. From 1966 to 1986, the Philippines imported around 2,679,000 metric tons and exported only 632,000 metric tons of milled rice. By 1980, however, problems with the credit scheme rendered the loans accessible only to rich landowners while leaving poor farmers in debt. The program was also noted to have become a vehicle of political patronage.

40:

1488:

666:

950:

1607:

708:

8020:

6976:

6988:

1761:

7012:

8008:

7000:

1142:, whose research hybridized wild strains of rice with existing strains. He has been dubbed "the father of hybrid rice", and was considered a national hero in China. Chinese rice production met the nation's food security needs, and today they are a leading exporter of rice. In recent years, however, extensive use of ground water for irrigation has drawn down1814:

1173:) were poured on the soil to reduce acidity. The effort went on for decades; by the late 1990s, between 14 million and 16 million tons of lime were being spread on Brazilian fields each year. The quantity rose to 25 million tons in 2003 and 2004, equaling around five tons of lime per hectare. As a result, Brazil has become the world's second biggest1007:, summarized the factors leading to its initial success. These include: high yield plants without disease resistivity, adaptability, and ability to use fertilizers; improved use of soils, adequate fertilizers, and control of weeds and pests; and "a favorable ratio between the cost of fertilizers (and other investments) to the price of the produce."4969:; Dowie, Mark; quote: "...Later that spring, at a Vancouver, British Columbia, meeting of the International Forum on Indigenous Mapping, all two hundred delegates signed a declaration stating that the 'activities of conservation organizations now represent the single biggest threat to the integrity of indigenous lands'..."; November/December 2005;1595:, said that "India couldn't possibly feed two hundred million more people by 1980" and "Hundreds of millions of people will starve to death in spite of any crash programs." Ehrlich's warnings failed to materialize when India became self-sustaining in cereal production in 1974 (six years later) as a result of the introduction of1982:

were around 1 million human pesticide poisonings annually. Some 20,000 (mostly in developing countries) ended in death, as a result of poor labeling, loose safety standards etc. A 2014 study found that Indian children who were exposed to higher quantities of fertilizer agrochemicals experienced more adverse health impacts.

897:(FAO). For the U.S. government, its neighbor Mexico was an important experimental case in the use of technology and scientific expertise in agriculture that became the model for international agricultural development. Mexico sought to transform agricultural productivity, particularly with irrigated rather than1835:

depletion have forced farmers to clear forested areas in order to maintain production. A counter-hypothesis speculates that biodiversity was sacrificed because traditional systems of agriculture that were displaced sometimes incorporated practices to preserve wild biodiversity, and because the Green

1529:

has grown by about five billion since the beginning of the Green Revolution. India saw annual wheat production rise from 10 million tons in the 1960s to 73million in 2006. The average person in the developing world consumes roughly 25% more calories per day now than before the Green Revolution.

1434:

High-yielding varieties significantly outperform traditional varieties in the presence of adequate irrigation, pesticides, and fertilizers. In the absence of these inputs, traditional varieties may outperform high-yielding varieties. Therefore, several authors have challenged the apparent superiority

1283:

The Green Revolution spread technologies that already existed but had not been widely implemented outside industrialized nations. Two kinds of technologies were used in the Green Revolution, on the issues of cultivation and breeding. The technologies in cultivation are targeted at providing excellent

1192:

There have been numerous attempts to introduce the successful concepts from the Mexican and Indian projects into Africa. These programs have generally been less successful. Reasons cited include widespread corruption, insecurity, a lack of infrastructure, and a general lack of will on the part of the

906:

process. In general, the success of "Green Revolution" depended on the use of machinery for cultivation and harvest, on large-scale agricultural enterprises with access to credit (often from foreign investors), government-supported infrastructure projects, and access to low-wage agricultural workers.

1584:

Although many people die each year as a direct or indirect result of hunger and poor nutrition, Malthus's more extreme predictions have failed to materialize. In 1798 Thomas Malthus made his prediction of impending famine. The world's population had doubled by 1923 and doubled again by 1973 without

1119:

In the 1960s, rice yields in India were about two tons per hectare; by the mid-1990s, they had risen to 6 tons per hectare. In the 1970s, rice cost about $ 550 a ton; in 2001, it cost under $ 200 a ton. India became one of the world's most successful rice producers, and is now a major rice exporter,

3695:

If there is to be a Green Revolution for Africa, it will be necessary to breed improved varieties and, indeed, livestock. That task will depend on access to the genetic resources inherent in agricultural biodiversity. However, biodiversity is also important for tackling malnutrition as well as food

1944:

and loss of natural resources and contributed to climate change." They further specify, "while the Green Revolution technologies substantially increased the yield of few crops and allowed countries to reduce hunger, they also resulted in inappropriate and excessive use of agrochemicals, inefficient

1939:

summarized in 2022, "food systems emit approximately one third of the world’s greenhouse gases and contribute to the alarming decline in the number of animal and plant species. Intensive industrial agriculture and export-oriented food policies have driven much of this damage. Ever since governments

1455:

By one 2021 estimate, the Green Revolution increased yields by 44% between 1965 and 2010. Cereal production more than doubled in developing nations between the years 1961–1985. Yields of rice, corn, and wheat increased steadily during that period. The production increases can be attributed equal to

1211:

launched the "Agricultural Input Subsidy Program" by which vouchers are given to smallholder farmers to buy subsidized nitrogen fertilizer and corn seeds. Within its first year, the program was reported to have had extreme success, producing the largest corn harvest of the country's history, enough

1134:

China's large and increasing population meant that increasing food production, principally rice, was a top priority for the Chinese government. When the People's Republic of China was established in 1949, the Chinese Communist Party made it a priority to pursue agricultural development. They sought

910:

Within eight years of Wallace's visit, Mexico had no need to import food, for the first time since 1910; within 20 years, corn production had tripled, and wheat production had increased five-fold. In 1943, Mexico imported half of its wheat requirements, however by 1956 it had become self-sufficient

2055:

However, despite Swaminathan's prominent role in India's adoption of Green Revolution agriculture, the 'Evergreen' concept largely reflects the failures of the original project. Although a relatively lesser known term, its substance largely reflects the consensus positions outlined in recent IPCC

2021:

in 1990, though he has stated that the concept dates back to as early as 1968. It aims to represent an added dimension to the original concepts and practices of the green revolution, the ecological dimension. Swaminathan has described it as "productivity in perpetuity without associated ecological

1981:

associated with the Green Revolution may have adverse health impacts. For example, pesticides may increase the likelihood of cancer. Poor farming practices including non-compliance to usage of masks and over-usage of the chemicals compound this situation. In 1989, WHO and UNEP estimated that there

1905:

A good aggressive bunch of American agronomists and plant breeders could ruin the native resources for good and all by pushing their American commercial stocks... And Mexican agriculture cannot be pointed toward standardization on a few commercial types without upsetting native economy and culture

1064:

program, along with a credit program. The new variety required the use of fertilizers and pesticides but produced substantially higher yields than the traditional cultivars. Annual rice production in the Philippines increased from 3.7 to 7.7million tons in two decades. The switch to IR8 rice

901:

in its northwest, to solve its problem of lack of food self-sufficiency. In the center and south of Mexico, where large-scale production faced challenges, agricultural production languished. Increased production promised food self-sufficiency in Mexico to feed its growing and urbanizing population

1965:

in the developing world. A 2020 study of 37 developing countries found that the diffusion of modern crop varieties "reduced infant mortality by 2.4–5.3 percentage points (from a baseline of 18%), with stronger effects for male infants and among poor households." Another 2020 study found that high

1146:

and extensive use of fertilizers has increased greenhouse gas emissions. China has not expanded the area of cultivable land, China's unique high yields per hectare gave China the food security it sought. In 1979, there were 490 million Chinese people living in poverty. In 2014, there were only 82

990:

The Mexican government created the Mexican Agricultural Program (MAP) to be the lead organization in raising productivity. Mexico became the showcase for extending the Green Revolution to other areas of Latin America and beyond, into Africa and Asia. New breeds of maize, beans, and wheat produced

1737:

argues that "the primary objective of the program was geopolitical: to provide food for the populace in undeveloped countries and so bring social stability and weaken the fomenting of communist insurgency." Citing internal Foundation documents, Dowie states that the Ford Foundation had a greater

1103:

was selected by the Indian government to be the first site to try the new crops because of its reliable water supply, the presence of Indus plains which make it one of the most fertile plains on earth, and a history of agricultural success. India began its own Green Revolution program of plant

1200:" (NERICA). NERICA varieties yield about 30% more rice under normal conditions and can double yields with small amounts of fertilizer and very basic irrigation. However, the program has been beset by problems getting the rice into the hands of farmers, and to date the only success has been in2009:, and applying existing technologies to agricultural problems of the developing world. It is projected that global populations by 2050 will increase by one-third and as such will require a 70% increase in the production of food, which can be achieved with the right policies and investments.1996:

Although the Green Revolution has been able to improve agricultural output briefly in some regions in the world, its yield rates have been declining, while its social and environmental costs become more clearly apparent. As a result, many organizations continue to invent new ways to rectify,

999:

The requirements for the full package of inputs of new strains of seeds, fertilizer, synthetic pesticides, and water were often not within the reach of small-scale farmers. The application of pesticides could be hazardous for farmers. Their use often damaged the local ecology, contaminating

1602:

However, Borlaug was well aware of the implications of population growth. In his Nobel lecture he repeatedly presented improvements in food production within a sober understanding of the context of population. "The green revolution has won a temporary success in man's war against hunger and

1111:

published his findings that IR8 rice yielded about 5 tons per hectare with no fertilizer, and almost 10 tons per hectare under optimal conditions. This was 10 times the yield of traditional rice. IR8 was a success throughout Asia and dubbed the "Miracle Rice". IR8 was also developed into

1177:

exporter. Soybeans are also widely used in animal feed, and the large volume of soy produced in Brazil has contributed to Brazil's rise to become the biggest exporter of beef and poultry in the world. Several parallels can also be found in Argentina's boom in soybean production as well.

1746:

According to a 2021 study, the Green Revolution substantially increased income. A delay in the Green Revolution by ten years would have cost 17% of GDP per capita, whereas if the Green Revolution had never happened, it could have reduced GDP per capita in the developing world by half.

914:

Mexico was the recipient of knowledge and technology of the Green Revolution, and it was an active participant with financial supports from the government for agriculture and Mexican agronomists. In the aftermath of the Mexican Revolution, the government had redistributed land to

1826:

There are varying opinions about the effect of the Green Revolution on wild biodiversity. One hypothesis speculates that by increasing production per unit of land area, agriculture will not need to expand into new, uncultivated areas to feed a growing human population. However,

995:

with additional inputs (such as fertilizer and pesticides) and careful cultivation. Many Mexican farmers who had been dubious about the scientists or hostile to them (often a mutual relationship of discord) came to see the scientific approach to agriculture as worth adopting.

1522:— it has been estimated that almost half the people on the Earth are currently fed as a result of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer use. According to ICIS Fertilizers managing editor Julia Meehan, "People don't realise that 50% of the world's food relies on fertilisers."1892:

The Green Revolution has been criticized for an agricultural model which relied on a few staple and market profitable crops, and pursuing a model which limited the biodiversity of Mexico. One of the critics against these techniques and the Green Revolution as a whole was

873:

The genesis of the Green Revolution was a lengthy visit in 1940 by U.S. Vice President-elect Henry A. Wallace, who had served as U.S. Secretary of Agriculture during President Franklin Roosevelt's first two terms, and before government service, had founded a company,

6165:

1459:

While agricultural output increased as a result of the Green Revolution, the energy input to produce a crop has increased faster, so that the ratio of crops produced to energy input has decreased over time. Green Revolution techniques also heavily rely on

816:

Studies show that the Green Revolution contributed to widespread eradication of poverty, averted hunger for millions, raised incomes, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, reduced land use for agriculture, and contributed to declines in infant mortality.

1254:. CGIAR has added many research centers throughout the world. CGIAR has responded, at least in part, to criticisms of Green Revolution methodologies. This began in the 1980s, and mainly was a result of pressure from donor organizations. Methods like1360:(Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo– International Center for Maize and Wheat Improvements) conducted these breeding programs and helped spread high-yielding varieties in Mexico and countries in Asia like India and1679:

The strategies developed by the Green Revolution focused on fending off starvation and were very successful in raising overall yields of cereal grains, but did not give sufficient relevance to nutritional quality. High yield cereal crops have low

1212:

to feed the country with tons left over. The program has advanced yearly ever since. Various sources claim that the program has been an unusual success, hailing it as a "miracle". Malawi experienced a 40% drop in corn production in 2015 and 2016.

1430:

investment in the stem is reduced dramatically as the shorter plants are inherently more stable mechanically. Assimilates become redirected to grain production, amplifying in particular the effect of chemical fertilizers on commercial yield.

1274:

of the existing academic literature, the Green Revolution "contributed to widespread poverty reduction, averted hunger for millions of people, and avoided the conversion of thousands of hectares of land into agricultural cultivation."

1435:

of high-yielding varieties not only compared to the traditional varieties alone, but by contrasting the monocultural system associated with high-yielding varieties with the polycultural system associated with traditional ones.

1193:

governments. Yet environmental factors, such as the availability of water for irrigation, the high diversity in slope and soil types in one given area are also reasons why the Green Revolution is not so successful in Africa.

1923:

of various crops, could alter the impact carbon in the atmosphere has on global warming. Wheat, rice, and soybean crops account for a significant amount of the increase in carbon in the atmosphere over the last 50 years.

1638:

disputes Sen's theory, arguing that Sen relies on inconsistent arguments and contradicts available information, including sources that Sen himself cited. Bowbrick further argues that Sen's views coincide with that of the

2045:. The aim of this new thrust is to lift food production well above the level obtained by the Green Revolution of the 1960s, using technology and regulatory policy more advanced and even safer than those now in existence.1233:

In 1970, the year that Borlaug won the Nobel Peace Prize, foundation officials proposed a worldwide network of agricultural research centers under a permanent secretariat. This was further supported and developed by the

865:

Mexico has been called the 'birthplace' and 'burial ground' of the Green Revolution. It began with great promise and it has been argued that "during the twentieth century two 'revolutions' transformed rural Mexico: the

969:

Agriculture in Mexico had been a sociopolitical issue, a key factor in some regions' participation in the Mexican Revolution. It was also a technical issue enabled by a cohort of trained agronomists who advised

3778:

1613:'s prediction of world petroleum production rates (1968 peak of USA, 2005 World conventional oil peak, 2018 all liquides including corn to oil peak). Modern agriculture is largely reliant on petroleum energy.1655:

Some have challenged the value of the increased food production of Green Revolution agriculture. These monoculture crops are often used for export, feed for animals, or conversion into biofuel. According to

1320:

of corn, wheat, and rice. HYVs have higher nitrogen-absorbing potential than other varieties. Since cereals that absorbed extra nitrogen would typically lodge, or fall over before harvest, semi-dwarfing

974:

on how to increase productivity. In the post-World War II era, the government sought development in agriculture that bettered technological aspects of agriculture in regions not dominated by small-scale

715:, newly implemented agricultural technologies, including pesticides and fertilizers as well as new breeds of high yield crops, greatly increased food production in certain regions of the Global South.1581:

on the Earth. A 2021 study found, contrary to the expectations of the Malthusian hypothesis, that the Green Revolution led to reduced population growth, rather than an increase in population growth.

1718:

In the Philippines the heavy use of pesticides in rice production, in the early part of the Green Revolution, poisoned and killed off fish and weedy green vegetables that traditionally coexisted in

1356:, the "Father of the Green Revolution", bred rust-resistant cultivars which have strong and firm stems, preventing them from falling over under extreme weather at high levels of fertilization.1906:

hopelessly... Unless the Americans understand that, they'd better keep out of this country entirely. That must be approached from an appreciation of native economies as being basically sound.

5493:

6154:

Lewis-Nang'ea, Amanda. Review of Hurt, R. Douglas, The Green Revolution in the Global South: Science, Politics, and Unintended Consequences. H-Environment, H-Net Reviews. February, 2021.

762:, were adopted, often as a package of practices to replace traditional agricultural technology. This was often in conjunction with loans conditional on policy changes being made by the5125:

Liu, Xinrui; Zhang, Xiaodong; Huang, Yufei; Chen, Kaijie; Wang, Linfei; Ma, Jianmin; Huang, Tao; Zhao, Yuan; Gao, Hong; Tao, Shu; Liu, Junfeng; Jian, Xiaohu; Luo, Jinmu (15 May 2021).

2320:

Wright, Angus, "Downslope and North: How Soil Degradation and Synthetic Pesticides Drove the Trajectory of Mexican Agriculture through the Twentieth Century" in Christopher R. Boyer,

797:. The basic approach was the development of high-yielding varieties of cereal grains, expansion of irrigation infrastructure, modernization of management techniques, distribution of7912:

4910:

2998:

911:

and it was exporting half a million tons of wheat by 1964. Within 30 years, Borlaug was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for ultimately saving two billion people from starvation.

902:

with the increase in a number of calories consumed per Mexican. The science of hybridization was seen as a valuable way to feed the poor and would relieve some pressure of the

1367:

Plant scientists figured out several parameters related to the high yield and identified the related genes which control the plant height and tiller number. With advances in

942:(under whom Borlaug had studied at the University of Minnesota) surveyed Mexican agriculture to recommend policies and practices. In 1943, the Mexican government founded the831:

7049:

3652:

Debating Development – A historical analysis of the Sasakawa Global 2000 project in Ghana and indigenous knowledge as an alternative approach to agricultural development

1349:, was instrumental in developing Green Revolution wheat cultivars. In the 1960s, with a food crisis in Asia, the spread of high-yielding variety rice greatly increased.4572:

1357:

1096:

943:

1840:. For example, the development of wheat varieties tolerant to acid soil conditions with high aluminium content permitted the introduction of agriculture in sensitive4778:

3775:

4416:

3805:

1247:

3767:

6961:

6616:

6579:

587:

547:

72:

4520:

2037:

The problem before us is how to feed billions of new mouths over the next several decades and save the rest of life at the same time, without being trapped in a

8049:

4919:

3276:

1919:. High yield agriculture has dramatic effects on the amount of carbon cycling in the atmosphere. The way in which farms are grown, in tandem with the seasonal3650:

1565:

principle of population. Such concerns often revolve around the idea that the Green Revolution is unsustainable, and argue that humanity is now in a state of

6317:

3774:

the program was highly effective. This website highlights the women farmers program. The claims of success are substantiated by Malawi government claims at

1664:, the Green Revolution has also led to a change in dietary habits, as fewer people are affected by hunger and die from starvation, but many are affected by7937:

4452:

7850:

1095:. Despite bureaucratic hurdles imposed by India's grain monopolies, the Ford Foundation and Indian government collaborated to import wheat seed from the6113:

7882:

7573:

6929:

6873:

6257:

2976:

1722:. These were nutritious food sources for many poor Filipino farmers prior to the introduction of pesticides, further impacting the diets of locals.649:

7485:

1545:

6250:

5475:

5189:

3536:

2216:

7042:

6128:

6079:

6060:

6038:

6019:

6000:

5978:

5943:

5920:

5901:

5861:

5838:

5817:

4927:

4011:

3520:

3442:

3146:

2959:

2884:

2815:

2435:

1041:

694:

4266:"Positional cloning of rice semidwarfing gene, sd-1: rice "green revolution gene" encodes a mutant enzyme involved in gibberellin synthesis"3176:

3094:

731:

in the early 20th century and spread globally until the late 1980s. In the late 1960s, farmers began incorporating new technologies such as

7540:

7229:

4225:"Decreased shoot stature and grain alpha-amylase activity following ectopic expression of a gibberellin 2-oxidase gene in transgenic wheat"1251:

7016:

4962:

1676:. Frison further asserts that almost 60% of yearly deaths of children under age five in developing countries are related to malnutrition.7942:

6831:

3377:

3324:

2086:

3077:

6861:

6144:

4933:

3986:

3865:"Subsidies and the African Green Revolution: Direct Effects and Social Network Spillovers of Randomized Input Subsidies in Mozambique"1901:. According to Sauer these techniques of plant breeding would result in negative effects on the country's resources, and the culture:1898:

5872:

3838:

3676:

2925:

8044:

7834:

5214:

Fakhri, Michael (20 May 2022). "Public statement by the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the right to food, Mr. Michael Fakhri".

5031:

4688:

2790:

1800:

1778:

1530:

Between 1950 and 1984, as the Green Revolution transformed agriculture around the globe, world grain production increased by 160%.

1243:

894:

20:

5539:

3681:

934:

After Borlaug's agricultural station was established, in 1941, a team of U.S. scientists, Richard Bradfield (Cornell University),

7588:

7442:

7285:

7035:

6310:

4680:

4027:

Sakamoto, Tomoaki; Matsuoka, Makoto (2004). "Generating high-yielding varieties by genetic manipulation of plant architecture".

2351:

727:, was a period of technology transfer initiatives that saw greatly increased crop yields. These changes in agriculture began in8059:

7983:

7917:

7507:

7293:

6909:

6894:

6889:

6666:

2076:

1088:

629:

614:

609:

122:

3820:

1927:

Poorly regulated applications of nitrogen fertilizer that exceed the amount used by plants, such as broadcast applications of

1165:

region was regarded as unfit for farming before the 1960s because the soil was too acidic and poor in nutrients, according to

7932:

7502:

7365:

6956:

6951:

6899:

6646:

5000:

1998:

1945:

water use, loss of beneficial biodiversity, water and soil pollution and significantly reduced crop and varietal diversity."

1782:

1708:

619:

582:

577:

102:

6051:(1984). "Innocence Abroad: American Agricultural Research in Mexico". In Bruce Colman; Jackson, Wes; Berry, Wendell (eds.).5911:

Oasa, Edmund K (1987). "The Political Economy of International Agricultural Research in Glass". In Glaeser, Bernhard (ed.).

1997:

significantly augment or replace the techniques already used in the Green Revolution. Frequently quoted inventions are the

6631:

6347:

5798:

4586:

1293:

875:

810:

87:

4420:

3802:

6651:

6626:

5663:"Swaminathan: Time to Shift from Green to Evergreen Revolution. Inaugural Heuermann Lecturer Challenges Today's Farmers"3764:

3498:

Red China's Green Revolution: Technological Innovation, Institutional Change, and Economic Development under the Commune

2685:"Green Revolution research saved an estimated 18 to 27 million hectares from being brought into agricultural production"2071:

1974:

1022:

107:

82:

8012:

5601:

2338:

1196:

A recent program in western Africa is attempting to introduce a new high yielding 'family' of rice varieties known as "

7957:

7947:

7860:

7766:

7237:

7197:

7122:

6636:

6303:

5159:

4558:

1342:

838:

These and other developments in the field of agriculture contain the makings of a new revolution. It is not a violent

92:

5509:

4436:

4176:"The Arabidopsis RGA gene encodes a transcriptional regulator repressing the gibberellin signal transduction pathway"1966:

yield crop varieties reduced infant mortality in India, with particularly large effects for rural children, boys and

1634:

were not caused by decreases in food supply, but by socioeconomic dynamics and a failure of public action. Economist

931:

reached its apex in the center and south of Mexico. Agricultural productivity had fallen significantly by the 1940s.

4485:

4456:

3272:

2041:

that threatens freedom and security. No one knows the exact solution to this dilemma. The benefit must come from an

2022:

harm". The concept has evolved into a combination of science, economics, and sociology. In 2002, American biologist

1533:

The production increases fostered by the Green Revolution are often credited with having helped to avoid widespread

1048:

crossing between Dee-Geo-woo-gen and Peta was done at IRRI in 1962. In 1966, one of the breeding lines became a new

8054:

7829:

7414:

7409:

7325:

7098:

6676:

6611:

6443:

5246:

von Der Goltz, Jan; Dar, Aaditya; Fishman, Ram; Mueller, Nathaniel D.; Barnwal, Prabhat; McCord, Gordon C. (2020).

3656:

3299:

2579:

von Der Goltz, Jan; Dar, Aaditya; Fishman, Ram; Mueller, Nathaniel D.; Barnwal, Prabhat; McCord, Gordon C. (2020).

2459:

935:

785:

in 1970. He is credited with saving over a billion people from starvation. Another important scientific figure was

411:

130:

67:

5636:

5127:"The Direct Radiative Forcing Impact of Agriculture-Emitted Black Carbon Associated With India's Green Revolution"4701:

1771:

7739:

7563:

7481:

7130:

6418:

5438:"Seasonal effects of water quality: The hidden costs of the Green Revolution to infant and child health in India"3790:

3378:"Effect of plant type and nitrogen level on growth characteristics and grain yield of indica rice in the tropics"2002:

1448:

1216:

1074:

794:

687:

386:

1443:

1296:. The breeding technologies aimed at improving crop varieties developed through science-based methods including8064:

7744:

7533:

6924:

6515:

6428:

6413:

6368:

5362:

3735:

2066:

1882:

1848:

1731:

1661:

1259:

1078:

644:

483:

396:

381:

319:

245:

5688:

5662:

3204:"Some notes on the Masagana 99 [rice] program and small farmer access to credit [Philippines]"2146:

Not to be confused with evergreen agriculture, that can be explained as growing trees with agricultural crops.

1622:

To some modern Western sociologists and writers, increasing food production is not synonymous with increasing

1219:

found that adoption of Green Revolution technology led to increased yields in both the short- and long-term.

7686:

7317:

7253:

6851:

6574:

6569:

6465:

6433:

6048:

2106:

1991:

1832:

1361:

1317:

980:

886:

542:

537:

433:

401:

4839:"Elevating optimal human nutrition to a central goal of plant breeding and production of plant-based foods"2264:

1147:

million. Half of China's population had once been hungry and in poverty, but by 2014, only 6% remained so.

39:

7855:

7813:

7808:

7691:

7568:

7469:

7399:

7261:

7181:

6919:

6904:

6846:

6841:

6596:

6532:

6525:

6342:

6337:

6265:

5437:

5304:

4643:

2637:

1874:

1715:

and less savory than their native varieties, causing its price to be lower than the average market value.

1570:

1461:

1255:

1108:

1037:

774:

639:

624:

500:

493:

255:

49:

1915:

Studies indicate that the Green Revolution has substantially increased emissions of the greenhouse gas CO

1004:

7922:

7786:

7625:

7447:

7404:

6735:

6520:

6179:

6029:

Spitz, Pierre (1987). "The Green Revolution Re-Examined in India in Glass". In Glaeser, Bernhard (ed.).

5126:

4566:

3562:

2379:

2116:

2029:

1967:

1644:

1208:

1201:

1187:

1156:

939:

928:

903:

860:

847:

732:

488:

314:

250:

223:

924:

1935:, a potent greenhouse gas, and in water pollution. As the UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food,747:(to produce their high yields, the new seeds require far more fertilizer than traditional varieties),7952:

7907:

7875:

7870:

7796:

7771:

7727:

7373:

7341:

6980:

6816:

6606:

6470:

6423:

5400:

4850:

4534:

4087:

3928:

2696:

2486:

2101:

1693:

1685:

1673:

1578:

1566:

1380:

1334:

1207:

After a famine in 2001 and years of chronic hunger and poverty, in 2005 the small African country of

1129:

680:

438:

391:

62:

1635:

777:

were heavily involved in its initial development in Mexico. A key leader was agricultural scientist

8023:

7801:

7632:

7583:

7526:

6438:

6105:

5488:

4501:

3801:

including lack of transparency and administrative difficulties. This follows with a recent (2010)

3794:

1591:

1197:

406:

6987:

5248:"Health Impacts of the Green Revolution: Evidence from 600,000 births across the Developing World"4982:

3154:

2743:

The World According to Monsanto: Pollution, Corruption, and the Control of the World's Food Supply

2581:"Health Impacts of the Green Revolution: Evidence from 600,000 births across the Developing World"1836:

Revolution expanded agricultural development into new areas where it was once unprofitable or too

1657:

707:

7927:

7865:

7653:

7642:

7620:

7615:

7604:

7426:

7213:

7154:

6992:

6914:

6740:

6656:

6218:

5774:

5735:

5340:

4550:

4378:

4322:

3628:

3253:

3203:

3102:

2561:

2453:

2303:

2198:

2081:

1841:

1368:

867:

839:

806:

789:, whose work on hybrid rice varieties is credited with saving at least as many lives. Similarly,763:

670:

634:

228:

112:

1734:

5112:

Foundations of international agricultural research: Science and politics in Mexican Agriculture

4957:

7902:

7776:

7669:

7578:

7457:

7419:

7333:

7301:

7245:

7221:

6584:

6557:

6510:

6480:

6140:

6124:

6075:

6056:

6034:

6015:

5996:

5974:

5939:

5916:

5897:

5857:

5834:

5813:

5766:

5727:

5610:

5457:

5418:

5332:

5324:

5285:

5267:

5190:"Mexico's wheat fields help feed the world. They're also releasing a dangerous greenhouse gas"5073:

5027:

5023:

4996:

4923:

4876:

4525:

4370:

4287:

4246:

4205:

4156:

4115:

4076:

encodes a multifunctional gibberellin 20-oxidase: molecular cloning and functional expression"

4052:

4044:

4007:

3982:

3956:

3886:

3709:

3516:

3438:

3245:

2992:

2955:

2880:

2811:

2786:

2724:

2665:

2657:

2618:

2600:

2553:

2514:

2441:

2431:

2387:

2190:

2096:

2018:

1953:

A 2021 study found that the Green Revolution led to a reduction in land used for agriculture.

1886:

1867:

1859:

1855:

1574:

1519:

1308:

The novel technological development of the Green Revolution was the production of novel wheat

1092:

790:

782:

728:

552:

525:

478:

448:

297:

240:

203:

6012:

Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production

5993:

The violence of the green revolution: Ecological degradation and political conflict in Punjab

3813:

3397:

3393:

3328:

7973:

7759:

7754:

7637:

7593:

7269:

7090:

6821:

6779:

6562:

6475:

6460:

6240:

6208:

5755:"Green to evergreen revolution: ecological and evolutionary perspectives in pest management"5716:"Green to evergreen revolution: ecological and evolutionary perspectives in pest management"5582:

5449:

5408:

5316:

5275:

5259:

5134:

5063:

4970:

4866:

4858:

4816:

4542:

4362:

4314:

4277:

4236:

4195:

4187:

4146:

4105:

4095:

4036:

3946:

3936:

3876:

3389:

3237:

3074:

2714:

2704:

2649:

2608:

2592:

2545:

2504:

2494:

2295:

2242:

2180:

2091:

2038:

1962:

1941:

1851:

1828:

1549:

1526:

1297:

1057:

1025:

843:

798:

530:

443:

428:

166:

4135:"Developmental regulation of the gibberellin biosynthetic gene GA1 in Arabidopsis thaliana"2167:

Eliazer Nelson, Ann Raeboline Lincy; Ravichandran, Kavitha; Antony, Usha (1 October 2019).

7988:

7749:

6796:

6537:

5884:

5513:

4966:

4684:

4616:

4489:

4440:

3824:

3809:

3782:

3771:

3690:

3081:

2111:

1681:

1669:

1631:

1610:

1586:

1487:

1113:

1033:

949:

898:

770:

505:

277:

262:

198:

181:

7004:

6213:

6121:

The Green Revolution in the Global South: Science, Politics, and Unintended Consequences

5404:

4854:

4538:

4151:

4134:

4091:

3932:

3798:

3483:

The Green Revolution in the Global South: Science, Politics, and Unintended Consequences

2700:

2490:

830:

The term "Green Revolution" was first used by William S. Gaud, the administrator of the

7993:

7189:

7138:

6752:

6053:

Meeting the expectations of the land: essays in sustainable agriculture and stewardship

5853:

5280:

5247:

4871:

4838:

4481:

4350:

3951:

3916:

3351:

2719:

2684:

2613:

2580:

2533:

2509:

2474:

2217:"Yields vs. Land Use: How the Green Revolution enabled us to feed a growing population"2121:

1936:

1712:

1596:

1427:

1412:

1353:

1330:

1166:

1100:

1084:

954:

890:

879:

834:(USAID), in a speech on 8 March 1968. He noted the spread of the new technologies as:778:

304:

4200:

4175:

1707:

High-yield rice, introduced since 1964 to poverty-ridden Asian countries, such as the

1606:

1518:. The development of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer has significantly supported global8038:

7732:

7681:

7349:

7205:

7058:

6946:

6811:

6769:

6715:

6542:

6363:

6274:

6222:

5988:

5953:

5828:

5807:

5413:

5388:

5344:

5016:

4820:

4677:

4382:

4326:

4110:

4071:

3812:

with Malawi one of the lowest on the UN list of developing states, confirmed by this

3257:

2771:, Westport, CT: Praeger. Contributions in Latin American Studies, no. 22, 2003, p. 1.2565:

2307:

2202:

1932:

1894:

1623:

1562:

1501:

1338:

1139:

786:

759:

572:

510:

292:

193:

186:

6155:

4554:

4519:

Erisman, Jan Willem; MA Sutton, J Galloway, Z Klimont, W Winiwarter (October 2008).

3412:

2683:

Stevenson, J. R.; Villoria, N.; Byerlee, D.; Kelley, T.; Maredia, M. (13 May 2013).

7781:

7381:

7114:

6866:

6725:

6700:

6547:

6505:

6450:

6408:

6160:

Perkins, John H. "The Rockefeller Foundation and the green revolution, 1941–1956."

5320:

5263:

4862:

3817:

3228:

Davidson, Jamie S. (2 January 2016). "Why the Philippines Chooses to Import Rice".

2653:

2596:

2356:

2023:

1920:

1878:

1689:

1665:

1507:

1408:

1346:

712:

515:

473:

418:

376:

333:

309:

6251:

Africa's Turn: A New Green Revolution for the 21st Century, Rockefeller Foundation

5453:

5068:

5051:

4753:

3756:

3241:

1456:

irrigation, fertilizer, and seed development, at least in the case of Asian rice.

6245:

4604:

4070:

Xu, Y.L.; Li, L.; Wu, K.; Peeters, A.J.; Gage, D.A.; Zeevaart, J.A. (July 1995).

4040:

3839:"The Failure of Input Subsidies and a New Path Forward to Fight Hunger in Malawi"2333:

Gary Toenniessen et al. "Building an alliance for a green revolution in Africa."

7664:

7476:

7146:

7082:

6856:

6791:

6774:

6747:

6720:

6705:

6681:

6552:

6398:

6326:

5526:

4909:

Kilusang Magbubukid ng Pilipinas (2007). Victoria M. Lopez; etal. (eds.).

4807:

Bowbrick, Peter (May 1986). "A Refutation of Professor Sen's Theory of Famine".

2006:

1760:

1719:

1627:

1511:

1420:

1405:

1061:

1029:

1016:

992:

958:

520:

351:

341:

282:

267:

176:

161:

135:

31:

5225:

4305:

Igbozurike, U.M. (1978). "Polyculture and Monoculture: Contrast and Analysis".

7549:

7452:

7357:

7277:

7162:

7074:

6500:

6495:

6378:

5932:

The Malthus Factor: Poverty, Politics and Population in Capitalist Development

5529:, in Report from the World Food Summit: Food for All. Rome 13–17 November 19965303:

Bharadwaj, Prashant; Fenske, James; Kala, Namrata; Mirza, Rinchan Ali (2020).

4004:

Development and spread of high-yielding rice varieties in developing countries

3622:

2636:

Bharadwaj, Prashant; Fenske, James; Kala, Namrata; Mirza, Rinchan Ali (2020).

2299:

2185:

2168:

1978:

1863:

1515:

1465:

1416:

1313:

1285:

1235:

1215:

A 2021, a randomized control trial on temporary subsidies for corn farmers in

752:

744:

468:

463:

356:

346:

235:

213:

208:

5586:

5507:

The New Green Revolution: How Twenty-First-Century Science Can Feed the World

2286:

Farmer, B. H. (1986). "Perspectives on the 'Green Revolution'in South Asia".

805:

to farmers. As crops began to reach the maximum improvement possible through

7719:

7464:

7309:

6757:

6490:

5935:

5226:"Chapter 5: Food Security — Special Report on Climate Change and Land"5052:"An Historical Perspective from the Green Revolution to the Gene Revolution"4992:

4988:

4282:

4265:

4100:

3941:

3124:

2709:

2499:

2017:

The term 'Evergreen Revolution' was coined by Indian agricultural scientist

1481:

1477:

1473:

1469:

1423:

1309:

1289:

1170:

802:

766:

adopting them, such as privatizing fertilizer manufacture and distribution.

748:

458:

5336:

5289:

5077:

4880:

4779:

World oil supplies are set to run out faster than expected, warn scientists

4291:

4250:

4056:

3960:

2728:

2669:

2622:

2518:

7675:

7027:

6236:

5770:

5731:

5614:

5506:

5461:

5422:

5328:

5271:

4433:

4374:

4209:

4160:

4119:

4048:

3890:

3249:

2661:

2604:

2557:

2445:

2425:

2391:

2194:

7791:

7714:

6455:

6279:

6195:

Yadav, O. P.; Singh, D. V.; Dhillon, B. S.; Mohapatra, Trilochan (2019).

5138:

5091:

Shiva, Vandana (March–April 1991). "The Green Revolution in the Punjab".

4587:"Fears global energy crisis could lead to famine in vulnerable countries"4477:

4241:

4224:

4191:

3881:

3864:

3786:

3609:

1049:

984:

962:

920:

423:

5778:

5754:

5739:

5715:

1817:

Increased use of irrigation played a major role in the green revolution.

1813:

1626:, and is only part of a larger equation. For example, Harvard professor1419:

growth in the mutant background is significantly reduced leading to the

1262:

research have been adopted to gain a more holistic view of agriculture.

1169:. However, from the 1960s, vast quantities of lime (pulverized chalk or946:(CIMMYT), which became a base for international agricultural research.885:

The project was supported by the Mexican government under new President

7106:

6806:

6762:

6730:

4959:

Conservation Refugees – When Protecting Nature Means Kicking People Out

4318:

3513:

Red revolution, green revolution: scientific farming in socialist China

3463:

Animal, Vegetable, Junk: A History of Food from Sustainable to Suicidal

1845:

1785: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.1701:

1697:

1174:

1162:

1143:

979:

cultivators. This drive for agricultural transformation brought Mexico

272:

218:

7696:

6784:

6710:

6383:

6373:

6196:

5809:

The doubly green revolution: food for all in the twenty-first century

3827:

from 2005, showed corruption still prevailing in Malawi at that time.

1873:

The world community has clearly acknowledged the negative aspects of

1640:

1534:

1484:, making agriculture increasingly reliant on crude oil extraction.1401:

1372:

1364:. These programs led to the doubling of harvests in these countries.1326:

171:

4546:

4349:

Gollin, Douglas; Hansen, Casper Worm; Wingender, Asger Mose (2021).

3271:

Reyes, Miguel Paolo P.; Ariate, Joel F. Jr.; Del Mundo, Lara Vinda.

3177:"False: Philippines did not export rice after Marcos administration"2532:

Gollin, Douglas; Hansen, Casper Worm; Wingender, Asger Mose (2021).

6114:"Development policy and history: lessons from the Green Revolution"4726:

4366:

4264:

Monna, L.; Kitazawa, N.; Yoshino, R.; etal. (February 2002).

3563:"Yuan Longping, Plant Scientist Who Helped Curb Famine, Dies at 90"2549:

2380:"Yuan Longping, Plant Scientist Who Helped Curb Famine, Dies at 90"1961:

Studies have found that the Green Revolution substantially reduced

6801:

4702:"World population with and without synthetic nitrogen fertilizers"2926:"He left India for Mexico to solve global hunger: Meet Ravi Singh"1812:

1605:

1544:

1486:

1442:

1375:

1300:, combining modern genetics with plant-breeding trait selections.1239:

1228:

1104:

breeding, irrigation development, and financing of agrochemicals.

976:

971:

916:

736:

706:

287:

2169:"The impact of the Green Revolution on indigenous crops of India"6692:

6485:

4912:

The Great Rice Robbery: A Handbook on the Impact of IRRI in Asia

1928:

1837:

1510:

in the form of fertilizers (natural gas), pesticides (oil), and

1322:

1045:

740:

453:

153:

7522:

7031:

6299:

5689:"Swaminathan: Time to Shift from Green to Evergreen Revolution"4655:

4133:

Silverstone, A.L.; Chang, C.; Krol, E.; Sun, T.P. (July 1997).

3376:

De Datta, S.K.; Tauro, A.C.; Balaoing, S.N. (1 November 1968).

2322:

A Land Between Waters: Environmental Histories of Modern Mexico

1647:, and the policies Sen advocates failed to relieve the famine.6295:

6098:

Troubled Harvest: Agronomy and Revolution in Mexico, 1880–2002

4174:

Silverstone, A.L.; Ciampaglio; C.N.; Sun, T. (February 1998).

3760:

3537:"A World-Brand Name: Yuan Longping, the Father of Hybrid Rice"3273:"'Success' of Masagana 99 all in Imee's head - UP researchers"2769:

Troubled Harvest: Agronomy and Revolution in Mexico, 1880–2002

2758:. South Hadley MA: Bergin & Garvey Publishers 1983, p. 57.1754:

1053:

1000:

waterways and endangering the health of workers and newborns.

919:

in some parts of the country which had broken the back of the

7518:

6123:. Nexus Series. Tuscaloosa: University Alabama Press, 2020.6072:

The death of Ramón González: the modern agricultural dilemma

4502:"Soaring fertilizer prices put global food security at risk"2810:. Naperville, Illinois: Simple Truths, LLC. pp.76–77.813:

technologies were developed to allow for continued efforts.

4223:

Appleford NE; Wilkinson, M.D.; Ma, Q.; etal. (2007).

2427:

The gene revolution: GM crops and unequal development

1204:, where it currently accounts for 16% of rice cultivation.1138:

Prominent in the development of productive hybrid rice was

5995:. Dehra Dun: Research Foundation for Science and Ecology.3465:. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp.201–218.3011:

E.C. Stakman, Richard Bradfield, and Paul C. Mangelsdorf,

2839:

David Barkin, "Food Production, Consumption, and Policy",

1552:

supported with and without synthetic nitrogen fertilizers.

758:

At the same time, newer methods of cultivation, including

6031:

The Green Revolution revisited: critique and alternatives

5913:

The Green Revolution revisited: critique and alternatives

4351:"Two Blades of Grass: The Impact of the Green Revolution"2534:"Two Blades of Grass: The Impact of the Green Revolution"2265:"The Green Revolution: Accomplishments and Apprehensions"1881:, signed by 189 nations, has generated numerous national1240:

Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research

1223:

Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research

781:, the "Father of the Green Revolution", who received the6184:

Future of Food: Journal on Food, Agriculture and Society

5873:"Green Revolution in Africa will depend on biodiversity"5363:"Punjab suffers from adverse effect of Green revolution"4644:"Constraints on the Expansion of the Global Food Supply"2856:

vol. 1, p. 29. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers 1997

1561:

Some criticisms generally involve some variation of the

1107:

India soon adopted IR8 rice. In 1968, Indian agronomist

5956:(1977). "The Green Revolution: Seven Generalizations".3917:"Green Revolution: Impacts, limits, and the path ahead"3736:"The Impacts of Agricultural Input Subsidies in Malawi"2475:"Green Revolution: Impacts, limits, and the path ahead"7913:

International Conference on Population and Development

6055:. San Francisco: North Point Press. pp.124–138.5573:

Swaminathan, M. S. (2006). "An Evergreen Revolution".

5476:

New approaches are needed for another Green Revolution

4748:

4746:

4744:

4521:"How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the world"3789:

organisation seems to contradict these facts with its

2324:. Tucson: University of Arizona Press 2012, pp. 22–49.6275:"IR8: The Miracle Rice Which Saved Millions of Lives"3655:(Master thesis). Universiteit Utrecht. Archived from3352:"IR8: The miracle rice which saved millions of lives"2879:(3rded.). Cambridge: Polity Press. p.34.6246:

The Green Revolution in the Punjab, by Vandana Shiva

5305:"The Green revolution and infant mortality in India"4006:. International Rice Research Institute. p.1.3863:

Carter, Michael; Laajaj, Rachid; Yang, Dean (2021).

2638:"The Green revolution and infant mortality in India"1506:

The energy for the Green Revolution was provided by

7966:

7891:

7843:

7822:

7705:

7651:

7602:

7556:

7495:

7435:

7392:

7173:

7066:

6938:

6882:

6830:

6691:

6595:

6397:

6356:

5850:

Agroecology: the science of sustainable agriculture

5389:"Green revolution agriculture and chemical hazards"4894:Chapman, Graham P. (2002). "The Green Revolution".2852:James W. Wessman, "Agribusiness and Agroindustry",2244:

The Asian Green Revolution - IFPRI Discussion Paper

1003:One of the participants in the Mexican experiment,870:(1910–1920) and the Green Revolution (1940–1970)."5600:

5015:

4837:Sands DC, Morris CE, Dratz EA, Pilgeram A (2009).4832:

4830:

2785:. New York, NY: Norton & Co. pp.250–51.987:, helped stem unrest and the appeal of Communism.6156:http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=555476109:, vol. 321, no. 4 (October 2019), pp.54–61.5848:Farrell, John Joseph; Altieri, Miguel A. (1995).5494:The new green revolution that will feed the world5188:Joshua Partlow; Chris Mooney (22 December 2021).3606:Brazilian agriculture: The miracle of the cerrado3435:Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change5894:The Green Revolution: History, Impact and Future2997:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (1711:, was found to have inferior flavor and be more1097:International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center944:International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center4802:

4800:

4642:Kindall, Henery W; Pimentel, David (May 1994).3921:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences3561:Bradsher, Keith; Buckley, Chris (23 May 2021).3300:"Marcoses should apologize to Filipino farmers"3060:Wellhausen, Edwin, "La agricultura en México".2843:vol. 1, p. 494. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997.2689:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences2479:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences2430:. Sakiko f*ckuda-Parr. London: Earthscan. 2007.2378:Bradsher, Keith; Buckley, Chris (23 May 2021).2247:. Intl Food Policy Res Inst. GGKEY:HS2UT4LADZD.2035:

1272:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences1120:shipping nearly 4.5million tons in 2006.836:

6292:About the 50th anniversary of the rice strain.5830:American foundations: an investigative history5045:

5043:

5018:American Foundations: An Investigative History4984:American Foundations: An Investigative History4605:http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/4453:"Fuel costs, drought influence price increase"3818:report from the Institute for Security Studies3738:. International Food Policy Research Institute3710:"In Africa, Prosperity From Seeds Falls Short"1060:made the promotion of IR8 the lynchpin of the7534:

7043:

6311:

4920:Pesticide Action Network Asia and the Pacific4727:"Food, Land, Population and the U.S. Economy"3670:

3668:

3666:

3624:People & Power – Argentina: The Bad Seeds3500:. Columbia University Press. pp.62–105.3485:. University Alabama Press. pp.102–128.3095:"The Development of "Miracle Rice" Varieties"2979:. Archived from the original on 10 March 20051889:to agriculture's expansion into new domains.1242:(CGIAR) was established, co-sponsored by the688:

8:

6137:Green revolution: history, impact and future5474:Norman Uphoff for SciDevNet 16 October 20135436:Brainerd, Elizabeth; Menon, Nidhiya (2014).4571:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (3869:American Economic Journal: Applied Economics3776:Malawi National Statistics Organization site3208:Philippine Sociological Review (Philippines)2783:American Dreamer: A Life of Henry A. Wallace1585:fulfilling Malthus's prediction. Malthusian7938:United Nations world population conferences6103:Deb, Debal, "Restoring Rice Biodiversity",4678:Save and Grow farming model launched by FAO1730:A critic of the Green Revolution, American1087:was invited to India by the adviser to the7851:Population and housing censuses by country7541:

7527:

7519:

7050:

7036:

7028:

6318:

6304:

6296:

4398:

4396:

4394:

4392:

2335:Annals of the New York academy of sciences695:

681:

27:

6212:

6197:"India's evergreen revolution in cereals"5602:"Talking about an 'evergreen revolution'"5505:Olivier De Schutter, Gaëtan Vanloqueren.5412:

5279:

5067:

5012:Primary objective was geopolitical – see4870:

4281:

4240:

4199:

4150:

4109:

4099:

3950:

3940:

3880:

3064:, vol. 1, no. 13, March–April 1977, p. 402977:"Borlaug and the University of Minnesota"2954:. Simple Truths LLC. pp.72–73, 78.2830:Wright, "Downslope and North", pp. 22–23.2718:

2708:

2612:

2508:

2498:

2184:

1801:Learn how and when to remove this message1284:growing conditions, which include modern1266:Agricultural production and food security983:, and in the political sphere during the832:U.S. Agency for International Development7574:Estimates of historical world population7155:Farmageddon: The True Cost of Cheap Meat5969:Sen, Amartya Kumar; Drèze, Jean (1989).5797:Dr Arvind Upadhayaya (4 December 2019).5753:Kesavan, P. C.; Malarvannan, S. (2010).5714:Kesavan, P. C.; Malarvannan, S. (2010).5356:

5354:

3981:. Boston: WCB/McGraw-Hill. p.239.3515:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.3394:10.2134/agronj1968.00021962006000060017x3051:Wright, "Downslope and North", pp. 39–412413:The Green Revolution in the Global South948:

16:Agricultural developments in 1950s–1960s5568:

5566:

5564:

3734:Chibwana, Christopher; Fisher, Monica.3677:"Biodiversity: Indispensable resources"2258:

2256:

2254:

2159:

2139:

1738:concern than Rockefeller in this area.1150:

30:

5114:. Boulder: Westview Press. p.51.4617:"The end of India's green revolution?"4564:

4402:

3610:http://www.economist.com/node/168864423298:Tadem, Eduardo C. (2 September 2015).2990:

2451:

1537:, and for feeding billions of people.1480:; which, as of 2014, are derived from1028:the Government of the Republic of the842:like that of the Soviets, nor is it a6151:A brief history, for general readers.6074:. Austin: University of Texas Press.6033:. Allen & Unwin. pp.57–75.5915:. Allen & Unwin. pp.13–55.5160:"'Green Revolution' Brings Greater CO4417:"Why Our Food is So Dependent on Oil"4344:

4342:

4340:

4338:

4336:

3972:

3970:

3476:

3474:

3472:

3456:

3454:

3428:

3426:

3413:"Feeding Billions, A Grain at a Time"2899:Wright, "Downslope and North", p. 38.1451:since 1961, in kilograms per hectare.1042:International Rice Research Institute1021:In 1960 during the administration of7:

8050:History of international development8007:

7230:Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Price6999:

6237:Norman Borlaug talk transcript, 19965393:The Science of the Total Environment5022:. Cambridge MA: MIT Press. pp.4896:The Companion to Development Studies3903:

3708:Dugger, Celia W. (10 October 2007).3631:from the original on 31 October 20213621:Al Jazeera English (13 March 2013),3586:Hurt, The Green Revolution, 124–1251783:adding citations to reliable sources7943:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement7011:

6273:Rowlatt, Justin (1 December 2016).5637:"'Evergreen Revolution' called for"5549:. Food and Agriculture Organization4898:. London: Arnold. pp.155–159.4152:10.1046/j.1365-313X.1997.12010009.x3915:Pingali, Prabhu L. (31 July 2012).3803:Malawi newspaper tells of UN report3350:Rowlatt, Justin (1 December 2016).3075:Early research and training results3015:. Cambridge MA: Belknap Press 1967.2473:Pingali, Prabhu L. (31 July 2012).2350:Easterbrook, Gregg (January 1997).2087:Environmental impact of agriculture6862:Environmental impact of irrigation6258:"In search of a better revolution"6174:. New York: John Wiley & Sons.2865:Barkin, "Food Production", p. 494.2352:"Forgotten Benefactor of Humanity"1899:University of California, Berkeley1329:. A Japanese dwarf wheat cultivar1056:. The administration of President14:

7835:Population and Development Review5799:"Black spots in Green revolution"4991:; Massachusetts; (retrieved from4689:Food and Agriculture Organization3837:Currier, Andy (23 January 2020).3127:. FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture2924:Staff, M. N. D. (13 March 2024).2263:Gaud, William S. (8 March 1968).1333:developed by Japanese agronomist923:system. During the presidency of895:Food and Agriculture Organization850:. I call it the Green Revolution.21:Green Revolution (disambiguation)8019:

8018:

8006:

7883:Population concern organizations7589:Projections of population growth7443:Child labour in cocoa production7286:Million Calorie March: The Movie7010:

6998:

6986:

6975:

6974:

6112:Harwood, Andrew (14 June 2013).5958:International Development Review5492:. Last updated: 31 January 20125442:Journal of Development Economics4455:. Timesdaily.com. Archived from4029:Current Opinion in Biotechnology3595:Hurt, The Green Revolution, 128.3279:from the original on 24 May 20202781:Culver & Hyde, John (2000).1759:

1573:with regards to the sustainable1151:Brazil's agricultural revolution664:

38:

7984:Human impact on the environment7918:Population Action International7294:The World According to Monsanto6930:Agriculture and the environment6667:British Agricultural Revolution5635:Powell, Alvin (15 March 2001).5540:"How to Feed the World in 2050"4415:Church, Norman (1 April 2005).3682:D+C Development and Cooperation3411:Barta, Patrick (28 July 2007).2974:University of Minnesota. 2005.2077:British Agricultural Revolution1897:, a geography professor at the1770:needs additional citations for1396:) and a rice semidwarf gene (1392:), wheat reduced-height genes (889:, and the U.S. government, the735:of cereals, particularly dwarf650:Agriculture and the environment123:British Agricultural Revolution7933:United Nations Population Fund7366:Super Size Me 2: Holy Chicken!6874:Climate change and agriculture6647:Agriculture in the Middle Ages6256:Moseley, W. G. (14 May 2008).6214:10.18520/cs/v116/i11/1805-18086180:"India's Evergreen Revolution"6070:Wright, Angus Lindsay (2005).5896:. Houston, TX: Studium Press.5661:Moser, Dan (11 October 2011).5527:Towards a New Green Revolution5516:Solutions 2(4):33–44. Aug 20115321:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2020.1023145264:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2020.1023734987:; Dowie, Mark; 13 April 2001;4973:on line; retrieved March 2014.4863:10.1016/j.plantsci.2009.07.0113791:report on plans from 2005–20103437:. Cambridge University Press.3153:. 14 June 1968. Archived from3101:. Ganzel Group. Archived from2654:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2020.1023142597:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2020.1023731999:System of Rice Intensification1643:government at the time of the1270:According to a 2012 review in1089:Indian Minister of Agriculture103:Agriculture in the Middle Ages1:

5852:(2nded.). Boulder, CO:5454:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2013.11.0045361:Loyn, David (26 April 2008).5069:10.1301/nr.2003.jun.S124-S1344419:. PowerSwitch. Archived from3242:10.1080/14672715.2015.11291842756:The Struggle for Rural Mexico2745:(The New Press, 2010) p. 3082056:and other synthetic reports.1294:synthetic nitrogen fertilizer876:Pioneer Hi-Bred International801:, synthetic fertilizers, and725:Third Agricultural Revolution6652:Arab Agricultural Revolution6162:Agriculture and Human Values5883:(5): 190–193. Archived from5812:. Ithaca, NY: Comstock Pub.5414:10.1016/0048-9697(96)05280-14821:10.1016/0306-9192(86)90059-X4355:Journal of Political Economy4080:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A4041:10.1016/j.copbio.2004.02.0033814:UN World Food Program report3689:(5): 190–193. Archived from2538:Journal of Political Economy2072:Arab Agricultural Revolution1011:IR8 rice and the Philippines957:'s research stations in the743:, and the widespread use of108:Arab Agricultural Revolution7958:World Population Foundation7948:World Population Conference7861:World population milestones7123:My Secret Life on the McJob5973:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.5877:Development and Cooperation5309:Journal of Health Economics5252:Journal of Health Economics5133:. Vol.9, no.6.5110:Jennings, Bruce H. (1988).4002:Dana G., Dalrymple (1986).3099:Wessels Living History Farm2642:Journal of Health Economics2585:Journal of Health Economics2241:Hazell, Peter B.R. (2009).1704:and other quality factors.1404:. These were identified as1343:Washington State University8083:

7830:Population and Environment7326:The Dark Side of Chocolate6612:Agriculture in Mesoamerica6139:. Houston: Studium Press.5050:Davies, Paul (June 2003).3763:website. According to the3511:Schmalzer, Sigrid (2016).2909:Culver & Hyde (2000).1989:

1688:deficiencies, are high in1599:'s dwarf wheat varieties.1499:

1491:World population 1950–20101279:Technological Developments1226:

1185:

1154:

1127:

1072:

1014:

938:(Harvard University), and858:

793:is known as the Father of68:Agriculture in Mesoamerica18:

8002:

7740:Human population planning7564:Demographics of the world7482:Genetically modified food6971:

6962:Universities and colleges6580:Universities and colleges6390:

6333:

4439:27 September 2008 at the3977:Levetin, Estelle (1999).3799:Malawi had noted problems3675:Emile Frison (May 2008).3496:Eisenman, Joshua (2018).3481:Hurt, R. Douglas (2020).3325:"Newsroom: News Releases"2300:10.1017/s0026749x000136272186:10.1186/s42779-019-0011-92003:marker-assisted selection1931:, result in emissions of1885:which assign significant1883:Biodiversity Action Plans1449:least developed countries1124:Green Revolution in China1075:Green Revolution in India795:Green Revolution in India588:Universities and colleges548:Universities and colleges8045:Agricultural revolutions7745:Compulsory sterilization6947:Agriculturist profession6429:Agricultural engineering6414:Agricultural cooperative6178:Singh, Pratibha (2017).6100:. Westport, CT: Prager5971:Hunger and public action5587:10.2135/cropsci2006.99994683:3 September 2016 at the4035:(2). Elsevier: 144–147.3781:13 November 2009 at the3080:17 December 2008 at the3013:Campaigns Against Hunger2875:Jennifer, Clapp (2020).2337:1136.1 (2008): 233–242.2067:White Revolution (India)1979:fertilizer agrochemicals1911:Greenhouse gas emissions1662:Bioversity International1496:Effects on food security1079:Farming systems in India981:self-sufficiency in food573:Agriculturist profession397:Agricultural engineering382:Agricultural cooperative7687:Malthusian growth model7318:Big Boys Gone Bananas!*6852:Agricultural wastewater6575:Sustainable food system6570:Sustainable agriculture6466:Animal-free agriculture6434:Agricultural technology6262:Minneapolis StarTribune6096:Cotter, Joseph (2003).5806:Conway, Gordon (1998).5512:22 October 2016 at the4965:19 October 2014 at the4101:10.1073/pnas.92.14.66403942:10.1073/pnas.09129531093823:13 January 2012 at the3808:8 November 2010 at the3770:6 November 2011 at the3649:Groniger, Wout (2009).3417:The Wall Street Journal3327:. CGIAR. Archived from3202:Esguerra, E.F. (1980).2710:10.1073/pnas.12080651102500:10.1073/pnas.09129531092173:Journal of Ethnic Foods2107:Small-scale agriculture1992:Second Green Revolution1986:Second Green Revolution1318:high-yielding varieties1304:High-yielding varieties1099:(CIMMYT). The state of733:high-yielding varieties543:Sustainable food system538:Sustainable agriculture434:Animal-free agriculture402:Agricultural technology8060:Rockefeller Foundation7814:Zero population growth7809:Sustainable population7733:Malthusian catastrophe7692:Overshoot (population)7569:Demographic transition7131:The Omnivore's Dilemma6952:Agricultural machinery6910:History of agriculture6895:Agriculture by country6890:Agricultural machinery6847:Agricultural pollution6842:Agricultural expansion6617:Austronesian expansion6533:Mechanised agriculture5871:Frison, Emile (2008).5833:. Cambridge, MA: MIT.5168:www.climatecentral.org5003:; accessed March 2014.4488:June 11, 2007, at the3541:www.worldfoodprize.org3461:Bittman, Mark (2021).3230:Critical Asian Studies2950:Andrews, Andy (2009).2854:Encyclopedia of Mexico2841:Encyclopedia of Mexico2806:Andrews, Andy (2009).2458:: CS1 maint: others (2053:

1908:

1875:agricultural expansion1818:

1674:vitamin-A deficiencies1614:

1553:

1492:

1462:agricultural machinery1452:

1384:genes (GA 20-oxidase,1256:agroecosystem analysis1238:; on 19 May 1971, the1038:Rockefeller Foundation966:

852:

775:Rockefeller Foundation716:

671:Agriculture portal630:History of agriculture615:Agriculture by country610:Agricultural machinery578:Agricultural machinery501:Mechanised agriculture73:Austronesian expansion7923:Population Connection7787:Mere addition paradox7626:Physiological density7448:Ethics of eating meat6957:Government ministries6900:Agriculture companies6736:Convertible husbandry6419:Agricultural supplies6369:Agricultural Engineer6170:Randhawa, M.S. 1974.6010:Smil, Vaclav (2004).5387:Pimentel, D. (1996).4754:"Green Revolutionary"4283:10.1093/dnares/9.1.113843:The Oakland Institute3093:Ganzel, Bill (2007).2741:Marie-Monique Robin,2117:Virgin Lands campaign1903:

1816:

1742:Socioeconomic impacts1694:essential fatty acids1645:Bengal famine of 19431609:

1548:

1490:

1446:

1325:were bred into their1188:Agriculture in Africa1161:Brazil's vast inland1157:Agriculture in Brazil952:

940:Elvin Charles Stakman929:land reform in Mexico861:Agriculture in Mexico855:Development in Mexico710:

620:Agriculture companies583:Government ministries387:Agricultural supplies224:Convertible husbandry7953:World Population Day7908:Church of Euthanasia7797:Non-identity problem7772:Political demography7728:Human overpopulation7342:A Place at the Table6607:Neolithic Revolution6471:Cellular agriculture6424:Agricultural science6268:on 16 December 2018.5827:Dowie, Mark (2001).5139:10.1029/2021EF0019755014:Dowie, Mark (2001).4918:. Penang, Malaysia:4192:10.1105/tpc.10.2.1554074:Arabidopsis thaliana3882:10.1257/app.201903963785:. The international3765:UN website on Malawi3693:on 8 December 2008.3062:Ciencia y Desarrollo2952:The Butterfly Effect2808:The Butterfly Effect2288:Modern Asian Studies2102:Neolithic Revolution2043:Evergreen Revolution2013:Evergreen Revolution1842:Brazilian ecosystems1779:improve this article1751:Environmental impact1692:, and lack balanced1686:essential amino acid1557:Malthusian criticism1439:Production increases1381:Arabidopsis thaliana1337:, which was sent to1130:Agriculture in China899:dry-land cultivation887:Manuel Ávila Camacho811:genetic modification745:chemical fertilizers439:Cellular agriculture392:Agricultural science63:Neolithic Revolution19:For other uses, see7802:Reproductive rights7633:Population dynamics7584:Population momentum6135:Jain, H.K. (2010).6106:Scientific American5930:Ross, Eric (1998).5892:Jain, H.K. (2010).5887:on 8 December 2008.5695:. 17 September 20155669:. IANR News Service5641:The Harvard Gazette5489:The Daily Telegraph5405:1996ScTEn.188S..86P5194:The Washington Post4855:2009PlnSc.177..377S4654:(3). Archived from4539:2008NatGe...1..636E4478:Eating Fossil Fuels4092:1995PNAS...92.6640X3933:2012PNAS..10912302P3927:(31): 12302–12308.3795:Major League Gaming3608:. August 26, 2010.3400:on 2 December 2008.3183:. 30 September 20203157:on 4 September 20072701:2013PNAS..110.8363S2491:2012PNAS..10912302P2485:(31): 12302–12308.1858:in the geoeconomic1592:The Population Bomb1589:, in his 1968 book1198:New Rice for Africa1005:Edwin J. Wellhausen936:Paul C. Mangelsdorf904:land redistribution729:developed countries320:Steam sterilization7928:Population Matters7643:Population pyramid7621:Population density7616:Population decline7214:The Future of Food6741:Rotational grazing6657:Columbian exchange6164:7.3 (1990): 6–18.6119:Hurt, R. Douglas.5607:The New York Times5399:(Suppl): S86–S98.4794:Drezé and Sen 19914658:on 11 October 20184593:. 20 October 2021.4459:on 16 October 20074423:on 15 January 20064319:10.1007/BF001562224242:10.1093/jxb/erm1664072:"The GA5 locus of3979:Plants and Society3714:The New York Times3567:The New York Times3147:"Rice of the Gods"2384:The New York Times2082:Columbian exchange1819:

1615:

1579:ecological demands1554:

1493:

1453:

1413:cellular signaling1369:molecular genetics1182:Problems in Africa967:

868:Mexican Revolution807:selective breeding764:developing nations717:

229:Rotational grazing113:Columbian exchange8055:Intensive farming8032:

8031:

7903:7 Billion Actions7777:Population ethics7670:Carrying capacity7579:Population growth7516:

7515:

7334:Forks Over Knives7222:We Feed the World7025:

7024:

6585:Urban agriculture6558:Rice-duck farming6511:Intensive farming6481:Extensive farming6207:(11): 1805–1808.6129:978-0-8173-2051-56081:978-0-292-71268-36062:978-0-86547-171-96040:978-0-04-630014-26021:978-0-262-69313-46002:978-81-85019-19-25980:978-0-19-828365-25945:978-1-85649-564-65922:978-0-04-630014-25903:978-1-933699-63-95863:978-0-8133-1718-25840:978-0-262-04189-85819:978-0-8014-8610-45056:Nutrition Reviews4929:978-983-9381-35-14758:Technology Review4706:Our World in Data4526:Nature Geoscience4086:(14): 6640–6644.4013:978-9-7110-4159-53793:. Similarly, the3522:978-0-226-33015-03444:978-92-9169-160-92961:978-1-40418-780-12930:Mexico News Daily2886:978-1-5095-4176-82817:978-1-40418-780-12754:Esteva, Gustavo,2437:978-1-84977-303-42221:Our World in Data2097:Genetic pollution2033:

2019:M. S. Swaminathan1887:biodiversity loss1856:Amazon rainforest1811:

1810:

1803:

1630:wrote that large1575:carrying capacity1520:population growth1415:component genes.1093:M. S. Swaminathan846:like that of the783:Nobel Peace Prize751:, and controlled705:

704:

553:Urban agriculture526:Rice-duck farming479:Intensive farming449:Extensive farming8072:

8022:

8021:

8010:

8009:

7979:Green Revolution7760:Two-child policy7755:One-child policy7678:

7638:Population model7594:World population7543:

7536:

7529:

7520:

7254:Fast Food Nation7091:Fast Food Nation7052:

7045:

7038:

7029:

7014:

7013:

7002:

7001:

6990:

6978:

6977:

6822:Wildlife farming6672:Green Revolution6623:Ancient history6563:Rice-fish system6476:Contract farming6461:Animal husbandry6320:

6313:

6306:

6297:

6291:

6289:

6287:

6269:

6264:. Archived from6241:Internet Archive6226:

6216:

6191:

6172:Green Revolution6150:

6085:

6066:

6044:

6025:

6006:

5984:

5965:

5949:

5926:

5907:

5888:

5867:

5844:

5823:

5802:

5783:

5782:

5750:

5744:

5743:

5711:

5705:

5704:

5702:

5700:

5685:

5679:

5678:

5676:

5674:

5658:

5652:

5651:

5649:

5647:

5632:

5626:

5625:

5623:

5621:

5604:

5597:

5591:

5590:

5581:(5): 2293–2303.5570:

5559:

5558:

5556:

5554:

5544:

5536:

5530:

5523:

5517:

5503:

5497:

5486:Tom Chivers for5484:

5478:

5472:

5466:

5465:

5433:

5427:

5426:

5416:

5384:

5378:

5377:

5375:

5373:

5358:

5349:

5348:

5300:

5294:

5293:

5283:

5243:

5237:

5236:

5234:

5232:

5222:

5216:

5215:

5211:

5205:

5204:

5202:

5200:

5185:

5179:

5178:

5176:

5174:

5156:

5150:

5149:

5147:

5145:

5122:

5116:

5115:

5107:

5101:

5100:

5088:

5082:

5081:

5071:

5047:

5038:

5037:

5021:

5010:

5004:

4980:

4974:

4955:

4949:

4948:

4946:

4944:

4938:

4932:. Archived from4917:

4906:

4900:

4899:

4891:

4885:

4884:

4874:

4834:

4825:

4824:

4804:

4795:

4792:

4786:

4785:. June 14, 2007.4775:

4769:

4768:

4766:

4764:

4750:

4739:

4738:

4736:

4734:

4723:

4717:

4716:

4714:

4712:

4698:

4692:

4674:

4668:

4667:

4665:

4663:

4639:

4633:

4632:

4630:

4628:

4613:

4607:

4601:

4595:

4594:

4583:

4577:

4576:

4570:

4562:

4561:on 23 July 2010.4557:. Archived from4516:

4510:

4509:

4498:

4492:

4475:

4469:

4468:

4466:

4464:

4449:

4443:

4432:

4430:

4428:

4412:

4406:

4400:

4387:

4386:

4361:(8): 2344–2384.4346:

4331:

4330:

4302:

4296:

4295:

4285:

4261:

4255:

4254:

4244:

4220:

4214:

4213:

4203:

4171:

4165:

4164:

4154:

4130:

4124:

4123:

4113:

4103:

4067:

4061:

4060:

4024:

4018:

4017:

3999:

3993:

3992:

3974:

3965:

3964:

3954:

3944:

3912:

3906:

3901:

3895:

3894:

3884:

3860:

3854:

3853:

3851:

3849:

3834:

3828:

3754:

3748:

3747:

3745:

3743:

3731:

3725:

3724:

3722:

3720:

3705:

3699:

3698:

3672:

3661:

3660:

3659:on 3 March 2012.3646:

3640:

3639:

3638:

3636:

3618:

3612:

3602:

3596:

3593:

3587:

3584:

3578:

3577:

3575:

3573:

3558:

3552:

3551:

3549:

3547:

3533:

3527:

3526:

3508:

3502:

3501:

3493:

3487:

3486:

3478:

3467:

3466:

3458:

3449:

3448:

3430:

3421:

3420:

3408:

3402:

3401:

3396:. Archived from3373:

3367:

3366:

3364:

3362:

3347:

3341:

3340:

3338:

3336:

3321:

3315:

3314:

3312:

3310:

3295:

3289:

3288:

3286:

3284:

3268:

3262:

3261:

3225:

3219:

3218:

3216:

3214:

3199:

3193:

3192:

3190:

3188:

3173:

3167:

3166:

3164:

3162:

3143:

3137:

3136:

3134:

3132:

3121:

3115:

3114:

3112:

3110:

3090:

3084:

3071:

3065:

3058:

3052:

3049:

3043:

3040:

3034:

3031:

3025:

3022:

3016:

3009:

3003:

3002:

2996:

2988:

2986:

2984:

2972:

2966:

2965:

2947:

2941:

2940:

2938:

2936:

2921:

2915:

2914:

2911:American Dreamer2906:

2900:

2897:

2891:

2890:

2872:

2866:

2863:

2857:

2850:

2844:

2837:

2831:

2828:

2822:

2821:

2803:

2797:

2796:

2778:

2772:

2767:Cotter, Joseph.2765:

2759:

2752:

2746:

2739:

2733:

2732:

2722:

2712:

2680:

2674:

2673:

2633:

2627:

2626:

2616:

2576:

2570:

2569:

2544:(8): 2344–2384.2529:

2523:

2522:

2512:

2502:

2470:

2464:

2463:

2457:

2449:

2422:

2416:

2409:

2403:

2402:

2400:

2398:

2375:

2369:

2368:

2366:

2364:

2347:

2341:

2331:

2325:

2318:

2312:

2311:

2283:

2277:

2276:

2274:

2272:

2260:

2249:

2248:

2238:

2232:

2231:

2229:

2227:

2213:

2207:

2206:

2188:

2164:

2147:

2144:

2092:Food sovereignty2051:

2039:Faustian bargain2027:

1963:infant mortality1942:soil degradation1852:tropical savanna1829:land degradation1806:

1799:

1795:

1792:

1786:

1763:

1755:

1726:Political impact1682:quality proteins1632:historic famines1550:World population1527:world population1447:Wheat yields in1378:responsible for1058:Ferdinand Marcos1040:established the1026:Carlos P. Garcia844:White Revolution799:hybridized seeds721:Green Revolution697:

690:

683:

669:

668:

667:

531:Rice-fish system444:Contract farming429:Animal husbandry167:Animal husbandry127:Green Revolution79:Ancient history42:

28:

8082:

8081:

8075:

8074:

8073:

8071:

8070:

8069:

8065:1968 neologisms8035:

8034:

8033:

8028:

7998:

7962:

7896:

7894:

7887:

7839:

7818:

7767:Overconsumption7750:Family planning7707:

7701:

7674:

7658:

7655:

7647:

7609:

7606:

7598:

7552:

7547:

7517:

7512:

7491:

7431:

7388:

7238:Our Daily Bread7198:The Corporation7169:

7062:

7056:

7026:

7021:

6967:

6966:

6965:

6934:

6925:Poultry farming6878:

6833:

6826:

6797:Poultry farming6687:

6663:Modern history6643:Post-classical6591:

6590:

6589:

6538:Organic farming6393:

6392:

6388:

6352:

6329:

6324:

6285:

6283:

6272:

6255:

6233:

6201:Current Science6194:

6177:

6147:

6134:

6093:

6091:Further reading6088:

6082:

6069:

6063:

6047:

6041:

6028:

6022:

6009:

6003:

5987:

5981:

5968:

5952:

5946:

5929:

5923:

5910:

5904:

5891:

5870:

5864:

5847:

5841:

5826:

5820:

5805:

5796:

5792:

5787:

5786:

5759:Current Science5752:

5751:

5747:

5720:Current Science5713:

5712:

5708:

5698:

5696:

5687:

5686:

5682:

5672:

5670:

5660:

5659:

5655:

5645:

5643:

5634:

5633:

5629:

5619:

5617:

5609:. 12 May 2008.5599:

5598:

5594:

5572:

5571:

5562:

5552:

5550:

5542:

5538:

5537:

5533:

5524:

5520:

5514:Wayback Machine5504:

5500:

5485:

5481:

5473:

5469:

5435:

5434:

5430:

5386:

5385:

5381:

5371:

5369:

5360:

5359:

5352:

5302:

5301:

5297:

5245:

5244:

5240:

5230:

5228:

5224:

5223:

5219:

5213:

5212:

5208:

5198:

5196:

5187:

5186:

5182:

5172:

5170:

5163:

5158:

5157:

5153:

5143:

5141:

5124:

5123:

5119:

5109:

5108:

5104:

5090:

5089:

5085:

5049:

5048:

5041:

5034:

5013:

5011:

5007:

4981:

4977:

4967:Wayback Machine4956:

4952:

4942:

4940:

4939:on 25 July 20114936:

4930:

4915:

4908:

4907:

4903:

4893:

4892:

4888:

4836:

4835:

4828:

4806:

4805:

4798:

4793:

4789:

4783:The Independent4776:

4772:

4762:

4760:

4752:

4751:

4742:

4732:

4730:

4725:

4724:

4720:

4710:

4708:

4700:

4699:

4695:

4685:Wayback Machine4675:

4671:

4661:

4659:

4641:

4640:

4636:

4626:

4624:

4615:

4614:

4610:

4602:

4598:

4585:

4584:

4580:

4563:

4547:10.1038/ngeo3254533:(10): 636–639.4518:

4517:

4513:

4500:

4499:

4495:

4490:Wayback Machine4476:

4472:

4462:

4460:

4451:

4450:

4446:

4441:Wayback Machine4426:

4424:

4414:

4413:

4409:

4401:

4390:

4348:

4347:

4334:

4304:

4303:

4299:

4263:

4262:

4258:

4235:(12): 3213–26.4222:

4221:

4217:

4173:

4172:

4168:

4132:

4131:

4127:

4069:

4068:

4064:

4026:

4025:

4021:

4014:

4001:

4000:

3996:

3989:

3976:

3975:

3968:

3914:

3913:

3909:

3902:

3898:

3862:

3861:

3857:

3847:

3845:

3836:

3835:

3831:

3825:Wayback Machine3810:Wayback Machine3783:Wayback Machine3772:Wayback Machine3759:article on the3755:

3751:

3741:

3739:

3733:

3732:

3728:

3718:

3716:

3707:

3706:

3702:

3674:

3673:

3664:

3648:

3647:

3643:

3634:

3632:

3620:

3619:

3615:

3604:The Economist.3603:

3599:

3594:

3590:

3585:

3581:

3571:

3569:

3560:

3559:

3555:

3545:

3543:

3535:

3534:

3530:

3523:

3510:

3509:

3505:

3495:

3494:

3490:

3480:

3479:

3470:

3460:

3459:

3452:

3445:

3432:

3431:

3424:

3410:

3409:

3405:

3375:

3374:

3370:

3360:

3358:

3349:

3348:

3344:

3334:

3332:

3331:on 26 June 20103323:

3322:

3318:

3308:

3306:

3297:

3296:

3292:

3282:

3280:

3270:

3269:

3265:

3227:

3226:

3222:

3212:

3210:

3201:

3200:

3196:

3186:

3184:

3175:

3174:

3170:

3160:

3158:

3145:

3144:

3140:

3130:

3128:

3123:

3122:

3118:

3108:

3106:

3092:

3091:

3087:

3082:Wayback Machine3072:

3068:

3059:

3055:

3050:

3046:

3041:

3037:

3032:

3028:

3023:

3019:

3010:

3006:

2989:

2982:

2980:

2975:

2973:

2969:

2962:

2949:

2948:

2944:

2934:

2932:

2923:

2922:

2918:

2908:

2907:

2903:

2898:

2894:

2887:

2874:

2873:

2869:

2864:

2860:

2851:

2847:

2838:

2834:

2829:

2825:

2818:

2805:

2804:

2800:

2793:

2780:

2779:

2775:

2766:

2762:

2753:

2749:

2740:

2736:

2695:(21): 8363–68.2682:

2681:

2677:

2635:

2634:

2630:

2578:

2577:

2573:

2531:

2530:

2526:

2472:

2471:

2467:

2450:

2438:

2424:

2423:

2419:

2410:

2406:

2396:

2394:

2377:

2376:

2372:

2362:

2360:

2349:

2348:

2344:

2332:

2328:

2319:

2315:

2285:

2284:

2280:

2270:

2268:

2262:

2261:

2252:

2240:

2239:

2235:

2225:

2223:

2215:

2214:

2210:

2166:

2165:

2161:

2156:

2151:

2150:

2145:

2141:

2131:

2126:

2112:Caloric density2062:

2052:

2049:

2026:observed that:2015:

1994:

1988:

1973:Consumption of1959:

1951:

1918:

1913:

1824:

1807:

1796:

1790:

1787:

1776:

1764:

1753:

1744:

1728:

1653:

1651:Quality of diet1620:

1611:M. King Hubbert1587:Paul R. Ehrlich1559:

1543:

1504:

1498:

1441:

1335:Gonjiro Inazuka1306:

1281:

1268:

1231:

1225:

1190:

1184:

1159:

1153:

1132:

1126:

1114:Semi-dwarf IR361081:

1071:

1034:Ford Foundation1019:

1013:

925:Lázaro Cárdenas863:

857:

828:

826:Use of the term823:

771:Ford Foundation701:

665:

663:

658:

657:

656:

655:

654:

645:Poultry farming602:

594:

593:

592:

567:

559:

558:

557:

506:Organic farming371:

363:

362:

361:

336:

326:

325:

324:

156:

146:

145:

144:

143:

142:

119:Modern history99:Post-classical52:

24:

17:

12:

11:

5:

8080:

8079:

8076:

8068:

8067:

8062:

8057:

8052:

8047:

8037:

8036:

8030:

8029:

8027:

8026:

8016:

8003:

8000:

7999:

7997:

7996:

7994:Sustainability7991:

7986:

7981:

7976:

7970:

7968:

7967:Related topics7964:

7963:

7961:

7960:

7955:

7950:

7945:

7940:

7935:

7930:

7925:

7920:

7915:

7910:

7905:

7899:

7897:

7892:

7889:

7888:

7886:

7885:

7880:

7879:

7878:

7873:

7868:

7858:

7856:Largest cities7853:

7847:

7845:

7841:

7840:

7838:

7837:

7832:

7826:

7824:

7820:

7819:

7817:

7816:

7811:

7806:

7805:

7804:

7799:

7794:

7789:

7784:

7774:

7769:

7764:

7763:

7762:

7757:

7752:

7747:

7737:

7736:

7735:

7725:

7717:

7711:

7709:

7703:

7702:

7700:

7699:

7694:

7689:

7684:

7679:

7676:I = P × A  × T7672:

7667:

7661:

7659:

7652:

7649:

7648:

7646:

7645:

7640:

7635:

7630:

7629:

7628:

7618:

7612:

7610:

7603:

7600:

7599:

7597:

7596:

7591:

7586:

7581:

7576:

7571:

7566:

7560:

7558:

7554:

7553:

7548:

7546:

7545:

7538:

7531:

7523:

7514:

7513:

7511:

7510:

7505:

7499:

7497:

7493:

7492:

7490:

7489:

7479:

7474:

7473:

7472:

7462:

7461:

7460:

7450:

7445:

7439:

7437:

7433:

7432:

7430:

7429:

7424:

7423:

7422:

7412:

7407:

7402:

7396:

7394:

7390:

7389:

7387:

7386:

7378:

7370:

7362:

7354:

7346:

7338:

7330:

7322:

7314:

7306:

7298:

7290:

7282:

7274:

7266:

7258:

7250:

7242:

7234:

7226:

7218:

7210:

7202:

7194:

7186:

7177:

7175:

7171:

7170:

7168:

7167:

7159:

7151:

7143:

7139:Eating Animals7135:

7127:

7119:

7111:

7103:

7099:Reefer Madness7095:

7087:

7079:

7070:

7068:

7064:

7063:

7057:

7055:

7054:

7047:

7040:

7032:

7023:

7022:

7020:

7008:

6996:

6984:

6972:

6969:

6968:

6964:

6959:

6954:

6949:

6944:

6943:

6942:

6940:

6936:

6935:

6933:

6932:

6927:

6922:

6917:

6912:

6907:

6902:

6897:

6892:

6886:

6884:

6880:

6879:

6877:

6876:

6871:

6870:

6869:

6859:

6854:

6849:

6844:

6838:

6836:

6828:

6827:

6825:

6824:

6819:

6814:

6809:

6804:

6799:

6794:

6789:

6788:

6787:

6777:

6772:

6767:

6766:

6765:

6755:

6753:Insect farming6750:

6745:

6744:

6743:

6738:

6728:

6723:

6718:

6713:

6708:

6703:

6697:

6695:

6689:

6688:

6686:

6685:

6684:

6679:

6674:

6669:

6661:

6660:

6659:

6654:

6649:

6641:

6640:

6639:

6634:

6632:Ancient Greece6629:

6621:

6620:

6619:

6614:

6609:

6601:

6599:

6593:

6592:

6588:

6587:

6582:

6577:

6572:

6567:

6566:

6565:

6560:

6550:

6545:

6540:

6535:

6530:

6529:

6528:

6523:

6518:

6508:

6503:

6498:

6493:

6488:

6483:

6478:

6473:

6468:

6463:

6458:

6453:

6448:

6447:

6446:

6441:

6431:

6426:

6421:

6416:

6411:

6405:

6404:

6403:

6401:

6395:

6394:

6391:

6389:

6387:

6386:

6381:

6376:

6371:

6366:

6360:

6358:

6354:

6353:

6351:

6350:

6345:

6340:

6334:

6331:

6330:

6325:

6323:

6322:

6315:

6308:

6300:

6294:

6293:

6270:

6253:

6248:

6243:

6232:

6231:External links6229:

6228:

6227:

6192:

6175:

6168:

6158:

6152:

6146:978-14416744876145:

6132:

6117:

6110:

6101:

6092:

6089:

6087:

6086:

6080:

6067:

6061:

6045:

6039:

6026:

6020:

6007:

6001:

5989:Shiva, Vandana5985:

5979:

5966:

5954:Ruttan, Vernon5950:

5944:

5927:

5921:

5908:

5902:

5889:

5868:

5862:

5845:

5839:

5824:

5818:

5803:

5793:

5791:

5788:

5785:

5784:

5765:(7): 908–914.5745:

5726:(7): 908–914.5706:

5680:

5653:

5627:

5592:

5560:

5531:

5518:

5498:

5479:

5467:

5428:

5379:

5350:

5295:

5238:

5217:

5206:

5180:

5161:

5151:

5131:Earth's Future5117:

5102:

5083:

5062:(6): S124–34.5039:

5032:

5005:

4975:

4971:Orion Magazine4950:

4928:

4901:

4886:

4826:

4796:

4787:

4770:

4740:

4718:

4693:

4669:

4634:

4608:

4596:

4578:

4511:

4493:

4482:EnergyBulletin4470:

4444:

4407:

4388:

4367:10.1086/7144444332:

4297:

4256:

4215:

4166:

4125:

4062:

4019:

4012:

3994:

3988:978-06973455233987:

3966:

3907:

3896:

3875:(2): 206–229.3855:

3829:

3797:reported that3757:Malawi Miracle3749:

3726:

3700:

3662:

3641:

3613:

3597:

3588:

3579:

3553:

3528:

3521:

3503:

3488:

3468:

3450:

3443:

3422:

3403:

3388:(6): 643–647.3368:

3342:

3316:

3290:

3275:. Vera Files.3263:

3236:(1): 100–122.3220:

3194:

3168:

3138:

3125:"Rice paddies"3116:

3105:on 5 June 20173085:

3066:

3053:

3044:

3042:Cotter, p. 2353035:

3026:

3017:

3004:

2967:

2960:

2942:

2916:

2913:. p.251.2901:

2892:

2885:

2867:

2858:

2845:

2832:

2823:

2816:

2798:

2791:

2773:

2760:

2747:

2734:

2675:

2628:

2571:

2550:10.1086/7144442524:

2465:

2436:

2417:

2404:

2370:

2342:

2326:

2313:

2294:(1): 175–199.2278:

2250:

2233:

2208:

2158:

2157:

2155:

2152:

2149:

2148:

2138:

2137:

2136:

2135:

2130:

2127:

2125:

2124:

2122:Water scarcity2119:

2114:

2109:

2104:

2099:

2094:

2089:

2084:

2079:

2074:

2069:

2063:

2061:

2058:

2047:

2030:emphasis added2014:

2011:

1990:Main article:1987:

1984:

1958:

1955:

1950:

1947:

1937:Michael Fakhri1921:carbon cycling1916:

1912:

1909:

1833:soil nutrients1823:

1820:

1809:

1808:

1767:

1765:

1758:

1752:

1749:

1743:

1740:

1727:

1724:

1652:

1649:

1636:Peter Bowbrick1619:

1616:

1597:Norman Borlaug1567:overpopulation1558:

1555:

1542:

1539:

1500:Main article:1497:

1494:

1440:

1437:

1428:Photosynthetic1354:Norman Borlaug1305:

1302:

1280:

1277:

1267:

1264:

1260:farming system1227:Main article:1224:

1221:

1183:

1180:

1167:Norman Borlaug1152:

1149:

1125:

1122:

1085:Norman Borlaug1070:

1069:Start in India1067:

1012:

1009:

955:Norman Borlaug891:United Nations880:Norman Borlaug856:

853:

840:Red Revolution827:

824:

822:

819:

791:MS Swaminathan779:Norman Borlaug703:

702:

700:

699:

692:

685:

677:

674:

673:

660:

659:

653:

652:

647:

642:

637:

632:

627:

622:

617:

612:

606:

605:

604:

603:

600:

599:

596:

595:

591:

590:

585:

580:

575:

569:

568:

565:

564:

561:

560:

556:

555:

550:

545:

540:

535:

534:

533:

528:

518:

513:

508:

503:

498:

497:

496:

491:

486:

476:

471:

466:

461:

456:

451:

446:

441:

436:

431:

426:

421:

416:

415:

414:

409:

399:

394:

389:

384:

379:

373:

372:

369:

368:

365:

364:

360:

359:

354:

349:

344:

338:

337:

332:

331:

328:

327:

323:

322:

317:

312:

307:

305:Slash-and-burn302:

295:

290:

285:

280:

275:

270:

265:

260:

259:

258:

253:

248:

238:

233:

232:

231:

226:

216:

211:

206:

201:

196:

191:

190:

189:

184:

179:

174:

164:

158:

157:

152:

151:

148:

147:

141:

140:

139:

138:

133:

128:

125:

117:

116:

115:

110:

105:

97:

96:

95:

90:

88:Ancient Greece85:

77:

76:

75:

70:

65:

56:

55:

54:

53:

48:

47:

44:

43:

35:

34:

15:

13:

10:

9:

6:

4:

3:

2:

8078:

8077:

8066:

8063:

8061:

8058:

8056:

8053:

8051:

8048:

8046:

8043:

8042:

8040:

8025:

8017:

8015:

8014:

8005:

8004:

8001:

7995:

7992:

7990:

7987:

7985:

7982:

7980:

7977:

7975:

7974:Bennett's law7972:

7971:

7969:

7965:

7959:

7956:

7954:

7951:

7949:

7946:

7944:

7941:

7939:

7936:

7934:

7931:

7929:

7926:

7924:

7921:

7919:

7916:

7914:

7911:

7909:

7906:

7904:

7901:

7900:

7898:

7895:organizations7890:

7884:

7881:

7877:

7874:

7872:

7869:

7867:

7864:

7863:

7862:

7859:

7857:

7854:

7852:

7849:

7848:

7846:

7842:

7836:

7833:

7831:

7828:

7827:

7825:

7821:

7815:

7812:

7810:

7807:

7803:

7800:

7798:

7795:

7793:

7790:

7788:

7785:

7783:

7780:

7779:

7778:

7775:

7773:

7770:

7768:

7765:

7761:

7758:

7756:

7753:

7751:

7748:

7746:

7743:

7742:

7741:

7738:

7734:

7731:

7730:

7729:

7726:

7724:

7722:

7718:

7716:

7713:

7712:

7710:

7704:

7698:

7695:

7693:

7690:

7688:

7685:

7683:

7682:Kaya identity7680:

7677:

7673:

7671:

7668:

7666:

7663:

7662:

7660:

7657:

7650:

7644:

7641:

7639:

7636:

7634:

7631:

7627:

7624:

7623:

7622:

7619:

7617:

7614:

7613:

7611:

7608:

7601:

7595:

7592:

7590:

7587:

7585:

7582:

7580:

7577:

7575:

7572:

7570:

7567:

7565:

7562:

7561:

7559:

7555:

7551:

7544:

7539:

7537:

7532:

7530:

7525:

7524:

7521:

7509:

7506:

7504:

7501:

7500:

7498:

7494:

7487:

7486:controversies7483:

7480:

7478:

7475:

7471:

7468:

7467:

7466:

7463:

7459:

7456:

7455:

7454:

7451:

7449:

7446:

7444:

7441:

7440:

7438:

7434:

7428:

7425:

7421:

7418:

7417:

7416:

7413:

7411:

7408:

7406:

7403:

7401:

7398:

7397:

7395:

7393:Organizations7391:

7384:

7383:

7379:

7376:

7375:

7371:

7368:

7367:

7363:

7360:

7359:

7355:

7352:

7351:

7347:

7344:

7343:

7339:

7336:

7335:

7331:

7328:

7327:

7323:

7320:

7319:

7315:

7312:

7311:

7307:

7304:

7303:

7299:

7296:

7295:

7291:

7288:

7287:

7283:

7280:

7279:

7275:

7272:

7271:

7267:

7264:

7263:

7259:

7256:

7255:

7251:

7248:

7247:

7243:

7240:

7239:

7235:

7232:

7231:

7227:

7224:

7223:

7219:

7216:

7215:

7211:

7208:

7207:

7206:Super Size Me7203:

7200:

7199:

7195:

7192:

7191:

7187:

7184:

7183:

7179:

7178:

7176:

7172:

7165:

7164:

7160:

7157:

7156:

7152:

7149:

7148:

7144:

7141:

7140:

7136:

7133:

7132:

7128:

7125:

7124:

7120:

7117:

7116:

7112:

7109:

7108:

7104:

7101:

7100:

7096:

7093:

7092:

7088:

7085:

7084:

7080:

7077:

7076:

7072:

7071:

7069:

7065:

7060:

7059:Food industry7053:

7048:

7046:

7041:

7039:

7034:

7033:

7030:

7019:

7018:

7009:

7007:

7006:

6997:

6995:

6994:

6989:

6985:

6983:

6982:

6973:

6970:

6963:

6960:

6958:

6955:

6953:

6950:

6948:

6945:

6941:

6937:

6931:

6928:

6926:

6923:

6921:

6920:Meat industry6918:

6916:

6913:

6911:

6908:

6906:

6905:Biotechnology6903:

6901:

6898:

6896:

6893:

6891:

6888:

6887:

6885:

6881:

6875:

6872:

6868:

6865:

6864:

6863:

6860:

6858:

6855:

6853:

6850:

6848:

6845:

6843:

6840:

6839:

6837:

6835:

6832:Environmental6829:

6823:

6820:

6818:

6815:

6813:

6812:Sheep farming6810:

6808:

6805:

6803:

6800:

6798:

6795:

6793:

6790:

6786:

6783:

6782:

6781:

6778:

6776:

6773:

6771:

6768:

6764:

6761:

6760:

6759:

6756:

6754:

6751:

6749:

6746:

6742:

6739:

6737:

6734:

6733:

6732:

6729:

6727:

6724:

6722:

6719:

6717:

6716:Dairy farming6714:

6712:

6709:

6707:

6704:

6702:

6699:

6698:

6696:

6694:

6693:Farming Types6690:

6683:

6680:

6678:

6675:

6673:

6670:

6668:

6665:

6664:

6662:

6658:

6655:

6653:

6650:

6648:

6645:

6644:

6642:

6638:

6635:

6633:

6630:

6628:

6627:Ancient Egypt6625:

6624:

6622:

6618:

6615:

6613:

6610:

6608:

6605:

6604:

6602:

6600:

6598:

6594:

6586:

6583:

6581:

6578:

6576:

6573:

6571:

6568:

6564:

6561:

6559:

6556:

6555:

6554:

6551:

6549:

6546:

6544:

6543:Paludiculture6541:

6539:

6536:

6534:

6531:

6527:

6524:

6522:

6519:

6517:

6514:

6513:

6512:

6509:

6507:

6504:

6502:

6499:

6497:

6494:

6492:

6489:

6487:

6484:

6482:

6479:

6477:

6474:

6472:

6469:

6467:

6464:

6462:

6459:

6457:

6454:

6452:

6449:

6445:

6444:Biotechnology6442:

6440:

6437:

6436:

6435:

6432:

6430:

6427:

6425:

6422:

6420:

6417:

6415:

6412:

6410:

6407:

6406:

6402:

6400:

6396:

6385:

6382:

6380:

6377:

6375:

6372:

6370:

6367:

6365:

6364:Agriculturist6362:

6361:

6359:

6355:

6349:

6346:

6344:

6341:

6339:

6336:

6335:

6332:

6328:

6321:

6316:

6314:

6309:

6307:

6302:

6301:

6298:

6282:

6281:

6276:

6271:

6267:

6263:

6259:

6254:

6252:

6249:

6247:

6244:

6242:

6238:

6235:

6234:

6230:

6224:

6220:

6215:

6210:

6206:

6202:

6198:

6193:

6189:

6185:

6181:

6176:

6173:

6169:

6167:

6163:

6159:

6157:

6153:

6148:

6142:

6138:

6133:

6130:

6126:

6122:

6118:

6115:

6111:

6108:

6107:

6102:

6099:

6095:

6094:

6090:

6083:

6077:

6073:

6068:

6064:

6058:

6054:

6050:

6049:Wright, Angus6046:

6042:

6036:

6032:

6027:

6023:

6017:

6014:. MIT Press.6013:

6008:

6004:

5998:

5994:

5990:

5986:

5982:

5976:

5972:

5967:

5963:

5959:

5955:

5951:

5947:

5941:

5937:

5933:

5928:

5924:

5918:

5914:

5909:

5905:

5899:

5895:

5890:

5886:

5882:

5878:

5874:

5869:

5865:

5859:

5855:

5851:

5846:

5842:

5836:

5832:

5831:

5825:

5821:

5815:

5811:

5810:

5804:

5800:

5795:

5794:

5789:

5780:

5776:

5772:

5768:

5764:

5760:

5756:

5749:

5746:

5741:

5737:

5733:

5729:

5725:

5721:

5717:

5710:

5707:

5694:

5690:

5684:

5681:

5668:

5664:

5657:

5654:

5642:

5638:

5631:

5628:

5616:

5612:

5608:

5603:

5596:

5593:

5588:

5584:

5580:

5576:

5569:

5567:

5565:

5561:

5548:

5541:

5535:

5532:

5528:

5522:

5519:

5515:

5511:

5508:

5502:

5499:

5495:

5491:

5490:

5483:

5480:

5477:

5471:

5468:

5463:

5459:

5455:

5451:

5447:

5443:

5439:

5432:

5429:

5424:

5420:

5415:

5410:

5406:

5402:

5398:

5394:

5390:

5383:

5380:

5368:

5364:

5357:

5355:

5351:

5346:

5342:

5338:

5334:

5330:

5326:

5322:

5318:

5314:

5310:

5306:

5299:

5296:

5291:

5287:

5282:

5277:

5273:

5269:

5265:

5261:

5257:

5253:

5249:

5242:

5239:

5227:

5221:

5218:

5210:

5207:

5195:

5191:

5184:

5181:

5169:

5165:

5155:

5152:

5140:

5136:

5132:

5128:

5121:

5118:

5113:

5106:

5103:

5098:

5094:

5093:The Ecologist5087:

5084:

5079:

5075:

5070:

5065:

5061:

5057:

5053:

5046:

5044:

5040:

5035:

5033:97802620418985029:

5025:

5020:

5019:

5009:

5006:

5002:

4998:

4994:

4990:

4986:

4985:

4979:

4976:

4972:

4968:

4964:

4961:

4960:

4954:

4951:

4935:

4931:

4925:

4921:

4914:

4913:

4905:

4902:

4897:

4890:

4887:

4882:

4878:

4873:

4868:

4864:

4860:

4856:

4852:

4849:(5): 377–89.4848:

4844:

4840:

4833:

4831:

4827:

4822:

4818:

4815:(2): 105–24.4814:

4810:

4803:

4801:

4797:

4791:

4788:

4784:

4780:

4774:

4771:

4759:

4755:

4749:

4747:

4745:

4741:

4728:

4722:

4719:

4707:

4703:

4697:

4694:

4690:

4686:

4682:

4679:

4673:

4670:

4657:

4653:

4649:

4645:

4638:

4635:

4623:. 29 May 20064622:

4618:

4612:

4609:

4606:

4600:

4597:

4592:

4588:

4582:

4579:

4574:

4568:

4560:

4556:

4552:

4548:

4544:

4540:

4536:

4532:

4528:

4527:

4522:

4515:

4512:

4508:. 6 May 2022.4507:

4503:

4497:

4494:

4491:

4487:

4483:

4479:

4474:

4471:

4458:

4454:

4448:

4445:

4442:

4438:

4435:

4422:

4418:

4411:

4408:

4404:

4399:

4397:

4395:

4393:

4389:

4384:

4380:

4376:

4372:

4368:

4364:

4360:

4356:

4352:

4345:

4343:

4341:

4339:

4337:

4333:

4328:

4324:

4320:

4316:

4313:(5): 443–49.4312:

4308:

4301:

4298:

4293:

4289:

4284:

4279:

4275:

4271:

4267:

4260:

4257:

4252:

4248:

4243:

4238:

4234:

4230:

4226:

4219:

4216:

4211:

4207:

4202:

4197:

4193:

4189:

4186:(2): 155–69.4185:

4181:

4177:

4170:

4167:

4162:

4158:

4153:

4148:

4144:

4140:

4136:

4129:

4126:

4121:

4117:

4112:

4107:

4102:

4097:

4093:

4089:

4085:

4081:

4077:

4075:

4066:

4063:

4058:

4054:

4050:

4046:

4042:

4038:

4034:

4030:

4023:

4020:

4015:

4009:

4005:

3998:

3995:

3990:

3984:

3980:

3973:

3971:

3967:

3962:

3958:

3953:

3948:

3943:

3938:

3934:

3930:

3926:

3922:

3918:

3911:

3908:

3905:

3900:

3897:

3892:

3888:

3883:

3878:

3874:

3870:

3866:

3859:

3856:

3844:

3840:

3833:

3830:

3826:

3822:

3819:

3815:

3811:

3807:

3804:

3800:

3796:

3792:

3788:

3784:

3780:

3777:

3773:

3769:

3766:

3762:

3758:

3753:

3750:

3737:

3730:

3727:

3715:

3711:

3704:

3701:

3697:

3692:

3688:

3684:

3683:

3678:

3671:

3669:

3667:

3663:

3658:

3654:

3653:

3645:

3642:

3630:

3626:

3625:

3617:

3614:

3611:

3607:

3601:

3598:

3592:

3589:

3583:

3580:

3568:

3564:

3557:

3554:

3542:

3538:

3532:

3529:

3524:

3518:

3514:

3507:

3504:

3499:

3492:

3489:

3484:

3477:

3475:

3473:

3469:

3464:

3457:

3455:

3451:

3446:

3440:

3436:

3433:IPCC (2022).3429:

3427:

3423:

3419:. p.A1.3418:

3414:

3407:

3404:

3399:

3395:

3391:

3387:

3383:

3379:

3372:

3369:

3357:

3353:

3346:

3343:

3330:

3326:

3320:

3317:

3305:

3301:

3294:

3291:

3278:

3274:

3267:

3264:

3259:

3255:

3251:

3247:

3243:

3239:

3235:

3231:

3224:

3221:

3209:

3205:

3198:

3195:

3182:

3178:

3172:

3169:

3156:

3152:

3148:

3142:

3139:

3126:

3120:

3117:

3104:

3100:

3096:

3089:

3086:

3083:

3079:

3076:

3070:

3067:

3063:

3057:

3054:

3048:

3045:

3039:

3036:

3033:Cotter, p. 113030:

3027:

3024:Cotter, p. 103021:

3018:

3014:

3008:

3005:

3000:

2994:

2978:

2971:

2968:

2963:

2957:

2953:

2946:

2943:

2931:

2927:

2920:

2917:

2912:

2905:

2902:

2896:

2893:

2888:

2882:

2878:

2871:

2868:

2862:

2859:

2855:

2849:

2846:

2842:

2836:

2833:

2827:

2824:

2819:

2813:

2809:

2802:

2799:

2794:

2792:0-393-04645-12788:

2784:

2777:

2774:

2770:

2764:

2761:

2757:

2751:

2748:

2744:

2738:

2735:

2730:

2726:

2721:

2716:

2711:

2706:

2702:

2698:

2694:

2690:

2686:

2679:

2676:

2671:

2667:

2663:

2659:

2655:

2651:

2647:

2643:

2639:

2632:

2629:

2624:

2620:

2615:

2610:

2606:

2602:

2598:

2594:

2590:

2586:

2582:

2575:

2572:

2567:

2563:

2559:

2555:

2551:

2547:

2543:

2539:

2535:

2528:

2525:

2520:

2516:

2511:

2506:

2501:

2496:

2492:

2488:

2484:

2480:

2476:

2469:

2466:

2461:

2455:

2447:

2443:

2439:

2433:

2429:

2428:

2421:

2418:

2414:

2408:

2405:

2393:

2389:

2385:

2381:

2374:

2371:

2359:

2358:

2353:

2346:

2343:

2340:

2336:

2330:

2327:

2323:

2317:

2314:

2309:

2305:

2301:

2297:

2293:

2289:

2282:

2279:

2266:

2259:

2257:

2255:

2251:

2246:

2245:

2237:

2234:

2222:

2218:

2212:

2209:

2204:

2200:

2196:

2192:

2187:

2182:

2178:

2174:

2170:

2163:

2160:

2153:

2143:

2140:

2133:

2132:

2128:

2123:

2120:

2118:

2115:

2113:

2110:

2108:

2105:

2103:

2100:

2098:

2095:

2093:

2090:

2088:

2085:

2083:

2080:

2078:

2075:

2073:

2070:

2068:

2065:

2064:

2059:

2057:

2046:

2044:

2040:

2034:

2031:

2025:

2020:

2012:

2010:

2008:

2004:

2000:

1993:

1985:

1983:

1980:

1976:

1971:

1969:

1964:

1957:Health impact1956:

1954:

1948:

1946:

1943:

1938:

1934:

1933:nitrous oxide1930:

1925:

1922:

1910:

1907:

1902:

1900:

1896:

1895:Carl O. Sauer1890:

1888:

1884:

1880:

1876:

1871:

1869:

1865:

1861:

1857:

1853:

1850:

1847:

1843:

1839:

1834:

1830:

1821:

1815:

1805:

1802:

1794:

1784:

1780:

1774:

1773:

1768:This section1766:

1762:

1757:

1756:

1750:

1748:

1741:

1739:

1736:

1733:

1725:

1723:

1721:

1716:

1714:

1710:

1705:

1703:

1699:

1695:

1691:

1690:carbohydrates1687:

1683:

1677:

1675:

1671:

1667:

1663:

1659:

1650:

1648:

1646:

1642:

1637:

1633:

1629:

1625:

1624:food security1617:

1612:

1608:

1604:

1600:

1598:

1594:

1593:

1588:

1582:

1580:

1576:

1572:

1568:

1564:

1556:

1551:

1547:

1541:Food security1540:

1538:

1536:

1531:

1528:

1523:

1521:

1517:

1513:

1509:

1503:

1502:Food security1495:

1489:

1485:

1483:

1479:

1475:

1471:

1467:

1464:and chemical1463:

1457:

1450:

1445:

1438:

1436:

1432:

1429:

1425:

1422:

1418:

1414:

1410:

1407:

1403:

1399:

1395:

1391:

1387:

1383:

1382:

1377:

1374:

1370:

1365:

1363:

1359:

1355:

1350:

1348:

1344:

1340:

1339:Orville Vogel1336:

1332:

1328:

1324:

1319:

1315:

1311:

1303:

1301:

1299:

1295:

1291:

1287:

1278:

1276:

1273:

1265:

1263:

1261:

1257:

1253:

1249:

1245:

1241:

1237:

1230:

1222:

1220:

1218:

1213:

1210:

1205:

1203:

1199:

1194:

1189:

1181:

1179:

1176:

1172:

1168:

1164:

1158:

1148:

1145:

1141:

1140:Yuan Longping1136:

1131:

1123:

1121:

1117:

1115:

1110:

1109:S.K. De Datta1105:

1102:

1098:

1094:

1090:

1086:

1080:

1076:

1068:

1066:

1063:

1059:

1055:

1051:

1047:

1043:

1039:

1035:

1031:

1027:

1024:

1018:

1010:

1008:

1006:

1001:

997:

994:

988:

986:

982:

978:

973:

964:

960:

956:

953:Locations of951:

947:

945:

941:

937:

932:

930:

927:(1934–1940),926:

922:

918:

912:

908:

905:

900:

896:

892:

888:

883:

881:

877:

871:

869:

862:

854:

851:

849:

845:

841:

835:

833:

825:

820:

818:

814:

812:

808:

804:

800:

796:

792:

788:

787:Yuan Longping784:

780:

776:

772:

767:

765:

761:

760:mechanization756:

754:

750:

746:

742:

738:

734:

730:

726:

722:

714:

709:

698:

693:

691:

686:

684:

679:

678:

676:

675:

672:

662:

661:

651:

648:

646:

643:

641:

640:Meat industry638:

636:

633:

631:

628:

626:

625:Biotechnology623:

621:

618:

616:

613:

611:

608:

607:

598:

597:

589:

586:

584:

581:

579:

576:

574:

571:

570:

563:

562:

554:

551:

549:

546:

544:

541:

539:

536:

532:

529:

527:

524:

523:

522:

519:

517:

514:

512:

511:Paludiculture509:

507:

504:

502:

499:

495:

492:

490:

487:

485:

482:

481:

480:

477:

475:

472:

470:

467:

465:

462:

460:

457:

455:

452:

450:

447:

445:

442:

440:

437:

435:

432:

430:

427:

425:

422:

420:

417:

413:

412:Biotechnology410:

408:

405:

404:

403:

400:

398:

395:

393:

390:

388:

385:

383:

380:

378:

375:

374:

367:

366:

358:

355:

353:

350:

348:

345:

343:

340:

339:

335:

330:

329:

321:

318:

316:

313:

311:

308:

306:

303:

301:

300:

296:

294:

293:Sharecropping291:

289:

286:

284:

281:

279:

276:

274:

271:

269:

266:

264:

261:

257:

254:

252:

249:

247:

244:

243:

242:

239:

237:

234:

230:

227:

225:

222:

221:

220:

217:

215:

212:

210:

207:

205:

202:

200:

197:

195:

192:

188:

185:

183:

180:

178:

175:

173:

170:

169:

168:

165:

163:

160:

159:

155:

150:

149:

137:

134:

132:

129:

126:

124:

121:

120:

118:

114:

111:

109:

106:

104:

101:

100:

98:

94:

91:

89:

86:

84:

83:Ancient Egypt81:

80:

78:

74:

71:

69:

66:

64:

61:

60:

58:

57:

51:

46:

45:

41:

37:

36:

33:

29:

26:

22:

8011:

7978:

7823:Publications7782:Antinatalism7720:

7697:World3 model7557:Major topics7382:Food, Inc. 27380:

7372:

7364:

7356:

7348:

7340:

7332:

7324:

7316:

7308:

7300:

7292:

7284:

7276:

7268:

7260:

7252:

7244:

7236:

7228:

7220:

7212:

7204:

7196:

7188:

7180:

7161:

7153:

7145:

7137:

7129:

7121:

7115:Chew on This7113:

7105:

7097:

7089:

7081:

7073:

7015:

7003:

6991:

6979:

6867:Overdrafting6726:Goat farming6671:

6637:Ancient Rome6548:Permaculture6506:Horticulture6451:Agroforestry6409:Agribusiness6284:. Retrieved6278:

6266:the original6261:

6204:

6200:

6187:

6183:

6171:

6161:

6136:

6120:

6104:

6097:

6071:

6052:

6030:

6011:

5992:

5970:

5961:

5957:

5931:

5912:

5893:

5885:the original5880:

5876:

5849:

5829:

5808:

5762:

5758:

5748:

5723:

5719:

5709:

5697:. Retrieved5692:

5683:

5671:. Retrieved5666:

5656:

5644:. Retrieved5640:

5630:

5618:. Retrieved5606:

5595:

5578:

5575:Crop Science5574:

5551:. Retrieved5546:

5534:

5521:

5501:

5487:

5482:

5470:

5445:

5441:

5431:

5396:

5392:

5382:

5370:. Retrieved5366:

5312:

5308:

5298:

5255:

5251:

5241:

5229:. Retrieved5220:

5209:

5197:. Retrieved5193:

5183:

5171:. Retrieved5167:

5154:

5142:. Retrieved5130:

5120:

5111:

5105:

5096:

5092:

5086:

5059:

5055:

5017:

5008:

4983:

4978:

4958:

4953:

4941:. Retrieved4934:the original4911:

4904:

4895:

4889:

4846:

4842:

4812:

4808:

4790:

4782:

4773:

4761:. Retrieved4757:

4731:. Retrieved4729:. Dieoff.com4721:

4709:. Retrieved4705:

4696:

4672:

4660:. Retrieved4656:the original4651:

4647:

4637:

4625:. Retrieved4620:

4611:

4599:

4591:The Guardian4590:

4581:

4567:cite journal4559:the original4530:

4524:

4514:

4505:

4496:

4473:

4461:. Retrieved4457:the original4447:

4425:. Retrieved4421:the original4410:

4358:

4354:

4310:

4306:

4300:

4276:(1): 11–17.4273:

4269:

4259:

4232:

4228:

4218:

4183:

4179:

4169:

4142:

4138:

4128:

4083:

4079:

4073:

4065:

4032:

4028:

4022:

4003:

3997:

3978:

3924:

3920:

3910:

3899:

3872:

3868:

3858:

3846:. Retrieved3842:

3832:

3752:

3740:. Retrieved3729:

3717:. Retrieved3713:

3703:

3694:

3691:the original3686:

3680:

3657:the original3651:

3644:

3633:, retrieved3623:

3616:

3605:

3600:

3591:

3582:

3570:. Retrieved3566:

3556:

3544:. Retrieved3540:

3531:

3512:

3506:

3497:

3491:

3482:

3462:

3434:

3416:

3406:

3398:the original3385:

3381:

3371:

3359:. Retrieved3355:

3345:

3333:. Retrieved3329:the original3319:

3307:. Retrieved3303:

3293:

3281:. Retrieved3266:

3233:

3229:

3223:

3213:19 September3211:. Retrieved3207:

3197:

3185:. Retrieved3180:

3171:

3159:. Retrieved3155:the original3150:

3141:

3129:. Retrieved3119:

3109:19 September3107:. Retrieved3103:the original3098:

3088:

3069:

3061:

3056:

3047:

3038:

3029:

3020:

3012:

3007:

2981:. Retrieved2970:

2951:

2945:

2933:. Retrieved2929:

2919:

2910:

2904:

2895:

2876:

2870:

2861:

2853:

2848:

2840:

2835:

2826:

2807:

2801:

2782:

2776:

2768:

2763:

2755:

2750:

2742:

2737:

2692:

2688:

2678:

2645:

2641:

2631:

2588:

2584:

2574:

2541:

2537:

2527:

2482:

2478:

2468:

2426:

2420:

2412:

2407:

2395:. Retrieved2383:

2373:

2361:. Retrieved2357:The Atlantic2355:

2345:

2334:

2329:

2321:

2316:

2291:

2287:

2281:

2269:. Retrieved2267:. AgBioWorld2243:

2236:

2224:. Retrieved2220:

2211:

2176:

2172:

2162:

2142:

2054:

2042:

2036:

2016:

1995:

1972:

1960:

1952:

1926:

1914:

1904:

1891:

1877:as the 19921872:

1860:macroregions1825:

1822:Biodiversity1797:

1788:

1777:Please help1772:verification1769:

1745:

1729:

1720:rice paddies1717:

1706:

1678:

1666:malnutrition1658:Emile Frison1654:

1621:

1601:

1590:

1583:

1560:

1532:

1524:

1508:fossil fuels1505:

1458:

1454:

1433:

1409:biosynthesis1397:

1393:

1389:

1385:

1379:

1366:

1351:

1347:Cecil Salmon1307:

1282:

1271:

1269:

1232:

1214:

1206:

1195:

1191:

1160:

1137:

1133:

1118:

1106:

1082:

1020:

1002:

998:

993:bumper crops989:

968:

959:Yaqui Valley933:

913:

909:

884:

872:

864:

848:Shah of Iran837:

829:

815:

768:

757:

724:

720:

718:

713:World War II516:Permaculture474:Horticulture419:Agroforestry377:Agribusiness334:Hydroculture310:Smallholding298:

93:Ancient Rome25:

7706:Society and7665:Biocapacity7477:Food safety7147:Wheat Belly7083:Modern Meat7017:Wikiproject6857:Overgrazing6792:Pig farming6775:Paddy field6748:Hydroponics6721:Fur farming6706:Aquaculture6701:Agrivoltaic6682:Monoculture6603:Prehistory6553:Polyculture6379:Farm worker6357:Occupations6327:Agriculture6190:(2): 70–79.5199:24 December5099:(2): 57–60.4809:Food Policy4403:Conway 19984229:J. Exp. Bot4145:(1): 9–19.2983:13 December2397:15 February2226:28 November2050:E.O. Wilson2024:E.O. Wilson2007:agroecology1709:Philippines1628:Amartya Sen1512:hydrocarbon1466:fertilizers1406:gibberellin1314:Agronomists1062:Masagana 991030:Philippines1017:Masagana 99972:ejidatarios917:ejidatarios521:Polyculture352:Hydroponics342:Aquaculture283:Paddy field268:Monoculture162:Agrivoltaic136:Monoculture59:Prehistory32:Agriculture8039:Categories7893:Events and7708:population7654:Population7605:Population7550:Population7496:By country7453:Fair trade7410:McDonald's7358:Cowspiracy7278:Food, Inc.7262:Black Gold7246:Earthlings7182:The Jungle7163:Meat Atlas7075:The Jungle6883:Categories6501:Free range6496:Feed ratio6286:1 December5934:. London:5673:2 December5646:2 December5620:4 December5315:: 102314.5258:: 102373.5173:10 October5001:02620418984845:(Review).4307:GeoJournal4180:Plant Cell3848:26 October3816:. Another3635:10 October3361:5 December3309:2 November2648:: 102314.2591:: 102373.2129:References1975:pesticides1970:children.1879:Rio Treaty1864:Centro-Sul1849:semi-humid1735:Mark Dowie1732:journalist1563:Malthusian1516:irrigation1478:defoliants1474:herbicides1470:pesticides1290:pesticides1288:projects,1286:irrigation1236:World Bank1217:Mozambique1186:See also:1155:See also:1128:See also:1073:See also:1044:(IRRI). A1015:See also:893:, and the859:See also:803:pesticides753:irrigation749:pesticides601:Categories469:Free range464:Feed ratio357:Aeroponics347:Aquaponics214:Free-range209:Fertilizer7989:Migration7866:6 billion7470:criticism7465:Fast food7400:Coca-Cola7310:Bananas!*7270:King Corn7061:criticism6915:Livestock6758:Livestock6491:Farmhouse6223:1899226005936:Zed Books5771:0011-38915732:0011-38915693:CropWatch5667:CropWatch5615:0362-43315462:0304-38785448:: 49–64.5345:1501624415329:0167-62965272:0167-62964995:online);4993:Goodreads4989:MIT Press4843:Plant Sci4662:10 August4383:2369292814375:0022-38084327:1535229214049:0958-16693904:Oasa 19873891:1945-77823742:7 October3696:security.3335:13 August3258:1557836763250:1467-27153187:16 August2662:0167-62962605:0167-62962566:2369292812558:0022-38082454:cite book2446:1229281032392:0362-43312308:1456261082203:2048739932195:2352-61812154:Citations1968:low-caste1791:June 20211713:glutinous1571:overshoot1482:crude oil1424:phenotype1411:genes or1310:cultivars1171:limestone1083:In 1961,1032:with the1023:President769:Both the723:, or the635:Livestock459:Farmhouse241:Intensive204:Extensive8024:Category7792:Natalism7715:Eugenics7436:Concepts7374:Dominion7166:(annual)6981:Category6807:Orchards6780:Pastoral6456:Agronomy6280:BBC News5991:(1989).5964:: 16–23.5854:Westview5779:240660675740:240660675699:6 August5510:Archived5372:20 March5367:BBC News5337:322597185290:330027975231:6 August5144:6 August5078:129087444963:Archived4943:8 August4881:204674634763:20 March4733:20 March4681:Archived4627:20 March4621:BBC News4555:948808594486:Archived4463:20 March4437:Archived4427:8 August4292:119395644251:179166394057:150810533961:228262533821:Archived3806:Archived3787:WaterAid3779:Archived3768:Archived3719:20 March3629:archived3382:Agron. J3356:BBC News3304:Inquirer3277:Archived3161:20 March3131:20 March3078:Archived2993:cite web2935:14 March2729:236710862670:322597182623:330027972519:228262532415:, p. 1612363:24 March2271:8 August2179:(1): 8.2060:See also2048:— 1949:Land use1868:Amazônia1844:such as1702:minerals1698:vitamins1668:such as1362:Pakistan1331:Norin 101144:aquifers1054:IR8 rice1050:cultivar1036:and the985:Cold War963:Chapingo921:hacienda773:and the424:Agronomy288:Ranching8013:Commons7656:ecology7607:biology7420:boycott7405:Cargill7190:McLibel7107:Shopped7005:Commons6817:Terrace6763:Pasture6731:Grazing6677:Organic6597:History6516:animals6439:Digital6399:General6343:History6338:Outline5790:Sources5423:89665465401:Bibcode5281:76956825164:Swings"4872:28661374851:Bibcode4711:5 March4535:Bibcode4434:Alt URL4405:, Ch. 44270:DNA Res4210:94907404161:92634484139:Plant J4120:76040474088:Bibcode3952:34119693929:Bibcode3181:Rappler2720:36667152697:Bibcode2614:76956822510:34119692487:Bibcode1846:Cerrado1684:, with1514:fueled1400:) were1327:genomes1298:hybrids1175:soybean1163:cerrado821:History484:animals407:Digital370:Related315:Terrace299:Colonia278:Organic273:Orchard263:Natural246:animals219:Grazing199:Dryland182:poultry154:On land131:Organic50:History7723:genics7508:Taiwan7458:coffee7415:Nestlé7385:(2023)7377:(2018)7369:(2017)7361:(2014)7353:(2014)7350:Fed Up7345:(2013)7337:(2011)7329:(2010)7321:(2011)7313:(2009)7305:(2009)7297:(2008)7289:(2008)7281:(2008)7273:(2007)7265:(2006)7257:(2006)7249:(2005)7241:(2005)7233:(2005)7225:(2005)7217:(2004)7209:(2004)7201:(2003)7193:(1997)7185:(1914)7158:(2014)7150:(2011)7142:(2009)7134:(2006)7126:(2006)7118:(2006)7110:(2004)7102:(2003)7094:(2001)7086:(1984)7078:(1906)6993:Portal6834:impact6785:Bocage6711:Cattle6384:Herder6374:Farmer6221:6166:online6143:6127:6078:6059:6037:6018:5999:5977:5942:5919:5900:5860:5837:5816:5777:5769:5738:5730:5613:5553:21 May5460:5421:5343:5335:5327:5288:5278:5270:5076:5030:5024:109–144999:4926:4879:4869:4553:4381:4373:4325:4290:4249:4208:4201:1439874198:4159:4118:4108:4055:4047:4010:3985:3959:3949:3889:3572:25 May3546:25 May3519:3441:3283:24 May3256:3248:2958:2883:2814:2789:2727:2717:2668:2660:2621:2611:2603:2564:2556:2517:2507:2444:2434:2411:Hurt,2390:2339:online2306:2201:2193:1641:Bengal1618:Famine1535:famine1476:, and1402:cloned1373:mutant1371:, the1358:CIMMYT1292:, and1250:, and1209:Malawi1202:Guinea1101:Punjab711:After172:cattle7844:Lists7503:China7427:Tesco7302:Fresh7174:Films7067:Books6939:Lists6802:Ranch6770:Mixed6526:crops6348:Index6219:S2CID5775:JSTOR5736:JSTOR5543:(PDF)5341:S2CID4937:(PDF)4916:(PDF)4648:Ambio4551:S2CID4506:Axios4379:S2CID4323:S2CID4111:415743254:S2CID3073:IRRI2562:S2CID2304:S2CID2199:S2CID2134:Notes2032:]2028:[1421:dwarf1390:ga1-31376:genes1323:genes1316:bred1229:CGIAR977:ejido737:wheat566:Lists494:crops256:crops236:Hobby194:Dairy187:sheep6521:pigs6486:Farm6288:20166141:ISBN6125:ISBN6076:ISBN6057:ISBN6035:ISBN6016:ISBN5997:ISBN5975:ISBN5940:ISBN5917:ISBN5898:ISBN5858:ISBN5835:ISBN5814:ISBN5767:ISSN5728:ISSN5701:20235675:20215648:20215622:20215611:ISSN5555:20185525:FAO5458:ISSN5419:PMID5374:20115333:PMID5325:ISSN5286:PMID5268:ISSN5233:20235201:20215175:20165146:20235074:PMID5028:ISBN4997:ISBN4945:20114924:ISBN4877:PMID4765:20114735:20114713:20204664:20094629:20114603:url=4573:link4465:20114429:20114371:ISSN4288:PMID4247:PMID4206:PMID4157:PMID4116:PMID4053:PMID4045:ISSN4008:ISBN3983:ISBN3957:PMID3887:ISSN3850:20203744:20163721:20113637:20163574:20213548:20213517:ISBN3439:ISBN3363:20163337:20103311:20213285:20203246:ISSN3215:20173189:20223163:20113151:Time3133:20113111:20172999:link2985:20192956:ISBN2937:20242881:ISBN2877:Food2812:ISBN2787:ISBN2725:PMID2666:PMID2658:ISSN2619:PMID2601:ISSN2554:ISSN2515:PMID2460:link2442:OCLC2432:ISBN2399:20232388:ISSN2365:20232273:20112228:20222191:ISSN1977:and1929:urea1866:and1854:and1838:arid1831:and1670:iron1577:and1525:The1417:Stem1352:Dr.1258:and1252:UNDP1248:IFAD1091:Dr.1077:and1046:rice961:and741:rice739:and719:The489:pigs454:Farm251:pigs177:pigs7721:Dys6239:on6209:doi6205:1165583:doi5547:FOA5450:doi5446:1075409:doi5397:1885317:doi5276:PMC5260:doi5135:doi5064:doi4867:PMC4859:doi4847:1774817:doi4781:".4687:".4543:doi4484:.4363:doi4359:1294315:doi4278:doi4237:doi4196:PMC4188:doi4147:doi4106:PMC4096:doi4037:doi3947:PMC3937:doi3925:1093877:doi3761:BBC3390:doi3238:doi2715:PMC2705:doi2693:1102650:doi2609:PMC2593:doi2546:doi2542:1292505:PMC2495:doi2483:1092296:doi2181:doi1870:.1862:of1781:by1672:or1660:of1569:or1398:sd11394:Rht1386:ga11345:by1341:at1244:FAO882:.755:.8041::6277:.6260:.6217:.6203:.6199:.6186:.6182:.5962:195960:.5938:.5881:495879:.5875:.5856:.5773:.5763:995761:.5757:.5734:.5724:995722:.5718:.5691:.5665:.5639:.5605:.5579:465577:.5563:^5545:.5456:.5444:.5440:.5417:.5407:.5395:.5391:.5365:.5353:^5339:.5331:.5323:.5313:715311:.5307:.5284:.5274:.5266:.5256:745254:.5250:.5192:.5166:.5129:.5097:215095:.5072:.5060:615058:.5054:.5042:^5026:.4922:.4875:.4865:.4857:.4841:.4829:^4813:114811:.4799:^4756:.4743:^4704:.4652:234650:.4646:.4619:.4589:.4569:}}4565:{{4549:.4541:.4529:.4523:.4504:.4480:.4391:^4377:.4369:.4357:.4353:.4335:^4321:.4309:.4286:.4272:.4268:.4245:.4233:584231:.4227:.4204:.4194:.4184:104182:.4178:.4155:.4143:124141:.4137:.4114:.4104:.4094:.4084:924082:.4078:.4051:.4043:.4033:154031:.3969:^3955:.3945:.3935:.3923:.3919:.3885:.3873:133871:.3867:.3841:.3712:.3687:493685:.3679:.3665:^3627:,3565:.3539:.3471:^3453:^3425:^3415:.3386:603384:.3380:.3354:.3302:.3252:.3244:.3234:483232:.3206:.3179:.3149:.3097:.2995:}}2991:{{2928:.2723:.2713:.2703:.2691:.2687:.2664:.2656:.2646:712644:.2640:.2617:.2607:.2599:.2589:742587:.2583:.2560:.2552:.2540:.2536:.2513:.2503:.2493:.2481:.2477:.2456:}}2452:{{2440:.2386:.2382:.2354:.2302:.2292:202290:.2253:^2219:.2197:.2189:.2175:.2171:.2005:,2001:,1700:,1696:,1472:,1468:,1426:.1388:,1312:.1246:,1116:.1052::809:,7876:87871:77542:e7535:t7528:v7488:)7484:(7051:e7044:t7037:v6319:e6312:t6305:v6290:.6225:.6211::6188:56149:.6131:.6116:.6084:.6065:.6043:.6024:.6005:.5983:.5948:.5925:.5906:.5866:.5843:.5822:.5801:.5781:.5742:.5703:.5677:.5650:.5624:.5589:.5585::5557:.5496:,5464:.5452::5425:.5411::5403::5376:.5347:.5319::5292:.5262::5235:.5203:.5177:.5162:25148:.5137::5080:.5066::5036:.4947:.4883:.4861::4853::4823:.4819::4777:"4767:.4737:.4715:.4691:.4676:"4666:.4631:.4575:)4545::4537::4531:14467:.4431:.4385:.4365::4329:.4317::4311:24294:.4280::4274:94253:.4239::4212:.4190::4163:.4149::4122:.4098::4090::4059:.4039::4016:.3991:.3963:.3939::3931::3893:.3879::3852:.3746:.3723:.3576:.3550:.3525:.3447:.3392::3365:.3339:.3313:.3287:.3260:.3240::3217:.3191:.3165:.3135:.3113:.3001:)2987:.2964:.2939:.2889:.2820:.2795:.2731:.2707::2699::2672:.2652::2625:.2595::2568:.2548::2521:.2497::2489::2462:)2448:.2401:.2367:.2310:.2298::2275:.2230:.2205:.2183::2177:61917:21804:)1798:(1793:)1789:(1775:.965:.696:e689:t682:v23:.