Tao Te Ching - Knowledge (XXH) (2024)

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fantasies and represent the colonial appropriation of Chinese culture. Other Taoism scholars, such as Michael LaFargue and Jonathan Herman, argue that while they do not pretend to scholarship, they meet a real spiritual need in the West. These Westernized versions aim to make the wisdom of the Tao Te

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describes the Tao as the source and ideal of all existence: it is unseen, but not transcendent, immensely powerful yet supremely humble, being the root of all things. People have desires and free will (and thus are able to alter their own nature). Many act "unnaturally", upsetting the natural balance

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Many translations are written by people with a foundation in Chinese language and philosophy who are trying to render the original meaning of the text as faithfully as possible into English. Some of the more popular translations are written from a less scholarly perspective, giving an individual

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in Classical Chinese, determining the precise boundaries between words and sentences is not always trivial. Deciding where these phrasal boundaries are must be done by the interpreter. Some translators have argued that the received text is so corrupted due to its original medium being

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2934:. Legends claim variously that Laozi was "born old" and that he lived for 996 years, with twelve previous incarnations starting around the time of the Three Sovereigns before the thirteenth as Laozi. Some scholars have expressed doubts over Laozi's historicity.3298:

is multifaceted, and reflected in the words' multiple meanings, even in English translation; it can mean "not doing anything", "not forcing", "not acting" in the theatrical sense, "creating nothingness", "acting spontaneously", and "flowing with the moment".

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intends to lead students to a "return" to their natural state, in harmony with Tao. Language and conventional wisdom are critically assessed. Taoism views them as inherently biased and artificial, widely using paradoxes to sharpen the point.

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author's interpretation. Critics of these versions claim that their translators deviate from the text and are incompatible with the history of Chinese thought. Russell Kirkland goes further to argue that these versions are based on Western

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used the term broadly with simplicity and humility as key virtues, often in contrast to selfish action. On a political level, it means avoiding such circ*mstances as war, harsh laws and heavy taxes. Some Taoists see a connection between

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has been translated into Western languages over 250 times, mostly to English, German, and French. According to Holmes Welch, "It is a famous puzzle which everyone would like to feel he had solved." The first English translation of the

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3201:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXH).2606:, which had been introduced to China significantly after the initial solidification of Taoist thought. It is comparatively well known in the West, and one of the most translated texts in world literature.2749:). There is some evidence that the chapter divisions were later additions—for commentary, or as aids to rote memorisation—and that the original text was more fluidly organised. It has two parts, the3211:

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has a long and complex textual history. Known versions and commentaries date back two millennia, including ancient bamboo, silk, and paper manuscripts discovered in the twentieth century.

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The problem of intentional ambiguities in the original work lies at the heart of all poetry translations but is particularly challenging in the case of ideographic texts of antiquity...

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Both the Mawangdui and Guodian versions are generally consistent with the received texts, excepting differences in chapter sequence and graphic variants. Several recent

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scholarship has advanced from archaeological discoveries of manuscripts, some of which are older than any of the received texts. Beginning in the 1920s and 1930s,

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The predominant view among scholars today is that the text is a compilation or anthology representing multiple authors. The current text might have been compiled

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2858:). He was an official in the imperial archives, and wrote a book in two parts before departing to the West; at the request of the keeper of the Han-ku Pass,7179:

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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

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avoidances, scholars believe that Text A can be dated to about the first decade and Text B to about the third decade of the 2nd centuryBC.

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Ancient Chinese books were commonly referenced by the name of their real or supposed author, in this case the "Old Master", Laozi. As such, the

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The tentative conclusion we have arrived at concerning Lao Tzu the man is this. There is no certain evidence that he was a historical figure.

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Ching more accessible to modern English-speaking readers by, typically, employing more familiar cultural and temporal references.

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Cole, Alan (August 2006), "Simplicity for the Sophisticated: Rereading the Daode Jing for the Polemics of Ease and Innocence",

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Herman, Jonathan R. (1998), "Reviewed work: Tao te Ching: A Book about the Way and the Power of the Way, Ursula K. Le Guin",

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is central to both philosophical and religious conceptions of Taoism, and has had great influence beyond Taoism as such on

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Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Knowledge (XXH) article at ]; see its history for attribution.

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Ariel, Yoav; Raz, Gil (2010), "Anaphors or Cataphors? A Discussion of the Two qi 其 Graphs in the First Chapter of the

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linked with silk threads—that it is impossible to understand some passages without some transposition of characters.

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comprise around 800 slips of bamboo with a total of over 13,000 characters, about 2,000 of which correspond with the

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text, the three primary ones are named after early commentaries. The "Yan Zun Version", which is only extant for the

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4675:", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2018 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), retrieved 3 February 20203440:

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translations utilise these two versions, sometimes with the verses reordered to synthesize the new finds.

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Lao-tzu: Te-tao ching. A New Translation Based on the Recently Discovered Ma-wang-tui Texts

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and Beida texts, which permit the text to be more precise. Lastly, many passages of the

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The Speculations on Metaphysics, Polity, and Morality of the "Old Philosopher" Lau-tsze

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The Speculations on Metaphysics, Polity, and Morality of the "Old Philosopher" Lau-tsze

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Legge, Suzuki, and Goddard's translations side-by-side, along with the original text

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are those produced by Chinese scholars and teachers: a 1948 translation by linguist

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Generations of scholars have debated the historicity of Laozi and the dating of the

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In 1973, archaeologists discovered copies of early Chinese books, known as the

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Tao Te Ching: The Essential Translation of the Ancient Chinese Book of the Tao

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The Chinese characters in the original versions were probably written in

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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

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still considered it to have been remarkably unified by the time of the

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Many Taoists venerate Laozi as the founder of the school of Tao, the

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Daoism in Early China: Huang–Lao Thought in Light of Excavated Texts

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Lao Tzu: Tao Te Ching: A Book about the Way and the Power of Way

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Zandbergen, Robbert (2022), "The Ludibrium of Living Well",

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Red Pine, (2009) Lao-tzu's Taoteching, Copper Canyon Press,

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5141:"Review: On Reading the Tao Te Ching: Mair, Lafargue, Chan"4039:

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was produced in 1868 by the Scottish Protestant missionary

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Damascene, Hieromonk; Lou, Shibai; Tang, You-Shan (1999),

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to this template: there are already 1,954 articles in the

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771:

709:

695:

681:

510:

493:

410:

396:

382:

2971:, even if these versions reverse the order of the text.1154:

340:

3749:

Tao Te Ching: The Classic Book of Integrity and the Way

4717:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

3602:

The Canon of Reason and Virtue: Lao-tze's Tao Teh King

3366:, who later produced his own translation for Oxford's3095:

3089:

2992:

2873:

2867:

2764:

2754:

2744:

8398:

5247:

Boltz, William G. (1993), "Lao tzu Tao-te-ching", in

4777:, Society for the Study of Early China, p.269,4376:

4374:

4069:

4063:

4048:

4011:

3989:

3952:

1431:

1417:

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1389:

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4022:

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3194:

2825:

The first biographical reference to Laozi is in the

8326:

8234:

8071:

7955:

7867:

7760:

7679:

7585:

7576:

7455:

7398:

7341:

7200:

7073:

6879:

6639:

6501:

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6296:

6227:

6114:

6005:

5832:

5823:

5698:

4474:

La divinisation de Lao-tseu dans le taoïsme des Han

4030:

3971:

3793:

Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company.

2590:throughout history. Terminology originating in the1449:

1442:

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1411:

1397:

1383:

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1355:

1348:

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1054:

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893:

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67:

56:

5547:

5428:, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press,5100:"On Translating the Dark Enigma: The Tao Te Ching"4871:

4327:

2918:. Linguistic studies of the text's vocabulary and5599:(in Literary Chinese and English), translated by4832:

5415:(in Chinese, English, and German), Aachen: Mainz4210:

3642:Tao Te Ching: The Book of the Way and Its Virtue3591:, The Wisdom of the East, New York: E. P. Dutton3119:, was found in a tomb near the town of Guodian (2922:scheme point to a date of composition after the4436:

4392:

4195:

2945:, and one of the eight elders transformed from2907:. Approximately three-quarters of the lines of5093:

5091:

5045:, vol.66, no.3, pp.686–689,4361:

3616:, Taoïsme, Vol. II (in French), translated by3236:accompanying your translation by providing an3185:Click for important translation instructions.3172:expand this section with text translated from2594:has been reinterpreted and elaborated upon by7554:

7173:

5676:

3789:Addiss, Stephen and Lombardo, Stanley (1991)3733:, Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1989,3127:, Hubei, and dated prior to 300BC. The3055:and others found thousands of scrolls in the3002: 80BC– 10AD2512:

1291:

994:

813:

799:

603:ㄉㄠˋㄉㄜˊㄐㄧㄥ555:

541:

253:ㄉㄠˋㄉㄜˊㄐㄧㄥ191:

177:

131:

71:

5501:, in Kohn, Livia; LaFargue, Michael (eds.),5253:Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide4774:Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide3073:commentary, which had previously been lost.1377:ㄨˇㄒㄧㄢㄨㄣˊ32:

5529:(2nded.), Indianapolis, IN: Hackett,5219:(3), University of Hawai'i Press: 391–421,5043:Journal of the American Academy of Religion4294:

4292:

4290:

4288:

4286:

4284:

3035:-period philosopher and commentator on the2979:Among the many transmitted editions of the2614:In English, the title is commonly rendered7676:

7582:

7561:

7547:

7539:

7180:

7166:

7158:

5829:

5683:

5669:

5661:

5488:(10 vols.), Hong Kong: Yuen Yuen Institute4843:

4841:

3822:Laozi: Tao Te Ching on The Art of Harmony,3375:Other notable English translations of the2987:, derives from a commentary attributed to2776:The written style is laconic, and has few2660:A Treatise on the Principle and Its Action2519:

2505:

1472:

1340:

1039:

834:

564:

216:

31:

7274:(Roman Catholicism, Eastern Christianity)4859:

4691:. Harvard University Press. p.187.3841:(in Portuguese), São Paulo: Editora Unesp3470:Learn how and when to remove this message2656:The Classic Book of Integrity and the Way8460:Ancient Chinese philosophical literature5527:Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy5292:(1), University of Chicago Press: 1–49,5082:

4925:

4913:

4804:

4452:

4174:

3630:Tao Te King: das Buch vom Sinn und Leben3391:, another 1963 translation by professor3020:, and scholarship dates this version to8405:

4944:Tao Te Ching: A New English Translation4515:, New York: W. W. Norton, p.158,4491:, New York: W. W. Norton, p.158,4206:

4204:

4191:

4189:

4187:

4170:

4168:

4091:

3916:

3362:'s French translation and dedicated to2846:(551–479BC). His surname was Li (2787:, while later versions were written in1484:

5406:(in German and English), Aachen: Mainz4420:

4380:

4275:

4155:

3927:

3575:, Oxford University Press – via3215:

1433:

1205:

1132:

971:

929:

711:

659:

412:

309:

159:

5404:Das Tao der Weisheit. Laozi-Daodejing5070:

4688:The World of Thought in Ancient China4597:(in Literary Chinese), Zhonghua Shuju4310:

3680:(in French), Paris: Éditions du Seuil2669:is also sometimes referred to as the2442:White Cloud Temple (Baiyun Monastery)7:

5474:

4847:

4809:

4408:

4298:

3452:adding citations to reliable sources2632:The Classic of the Way and its Power5276:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy5011:, Taylor & Francis, p.1,4799:

4685:Schwartz, Benjamin Isadore (2009).4229:The Encyclopedia of World Religions4058:;Less common romanisations include3686:Tao Te Ching: A New English Version3387:, a 1963 translation by sinologist2565:traditionally credited to the sage2457:Taoist Temple (Hanford, California)1985:(Great Emperor of the Curved Array)8044:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors5413:The Tao of Wisdom. Laozi-Daodejing3693:, New York: Harper Collins, 1988,3527:Le Livre de la Voie et de la Vertu2896:spoken contemporaneously with the2743:in 81 brief chapters or sections (2053:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors25:

5369:, Platina, CA: Saint Herman Press5179:"Ancient script rewrites history"5177:Shen, Andrea (22 February 2001).5139:Chan, Alan K. L. (October 1993).3494:which are preserved in the older3016:(164–244AD), granduncle of2911:rhymed in the original language.2878:), who lived during the reign of2850:), and his personal name was Er (2673:, especially in Chinese sources.2644:The Book of the Way and of Virtue1974:(Great Emperor of the North Star)48:, 2nd century BC, unearthed from8432:

8420:

8408:

7751:

5641:

4942:Eoyang, Eugene (1990), "Review:4007:

3948:

3806:, Boulder, CO: Shambhala, 1998,3678:La Voie et sa vertu: Tao-tê-king3666:The Way of Lao Tzu: Tao-te ching3534:, Paris: Imprimerie Royale, 18423428:

3302:This concept is used to explain3159:

2905:has been partially reconstructed1492:

38:

8139:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove5603:(Wang Bied.) – via5493:LaFargue, Michael; Pas (1998),5327:, University of Chicago Press,4833:Van Norden & Ivanhoe (2005)4567:, vol. 63, tr. Chan 1963:35–37.3439:needs additional citations for3383:, a 1961 translation by author2884:

2703:Five Thousand Character Classic2648:The Tao and its Characteristics2165:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove1456:

1266:

1245:

1231:

1204:

1190:

1176:

1155:

952:

772:

751:

737:

710:

696:

682:

511:

494:

473:

452:

438:

411:

397:

383:

362:

341:

5570:Taoism: The Parting of the Way5008:Taoism: The Enduring Tradition4887:Taoism: The Parting of the Way4648:, Penguin, 1963, p.162,4591:Records of the Grand Historian4565:Records of the Grand Historian3824:Duncan Baird Publications 20093712:, New York: Ballantine Books,3246:You may also add the template3025: the 3rd centuryAD2828:Records of the Grand Historian2711:

2697:

2652:The Canon of Reason and Virtue2550:

2542:

2471:Institutions and organizations1432:

1418:

1404:

1390:

1376:

1362:

1292:

1131:

1117:

1103:

1089:

1075:

1061:

995:

928:

914:

900:

886:

870:

856:

814:

800:

658:

644:

631:Lao Tzŭ TaoTêChing630:

616:

600:

586:

556:

542:

308:

294:

280:

266:

252:

238:

192:

178:

44:Ink on silk manuscript of the1:

8254:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice8019:Three Great Emperor-Officials5486:Handbooks for Daoist Practice4751:10.1080/02549948.2022.21318023668:, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill3632:(in German), Jena: Diederichs3358:. It was heavily indebted to3021:

2957:

2836:

2034:Three Great Emperor-Officials8259:Way of the Celestial Masters5546:; Huan, Chung-liang (1975),5504:Lao-tzu and the Tao-te-ching5425:Lao-tzu and the Tao-te-ching5379:A History of Religious Ideas5098:Record, Kirby (March 2022).4535:Cao Feng (20 October 2017),3904:Four Books and Five Classics3708:Henricks, Robert G. (1989),3613:Les Pères du Système Taoiste3599:; etal., eds. (1913),3587:; etal., eds. (1905),3502:are deliberately ambiguous.3395:, and a 1972 translation by8475:Works of unknown authorship5649:public domain audiobook at4223:Ellwood, Robert S. (2008),4070:

4064:

3530:(in French), translated by3505:Since there is very little3259:Knowledge (XXH):Translation3248:{{Translated|de|Daodejing}}3218:will aid in categorization.2339:Tianshi (Celestial Masters)8498:

8264:Northern Celestial Masters5813:Hundred Schools of Thought5104:Translation and Literature5005:Russell, Kirkland (2004),4976:Kirkland, Russell (1997),3837:Sinedino, Giorgio (2015),3756:, New York: Bantam, 1990,3193:Machine translation, like3148:

3096:

3090:

2993:

2874:

2868:

2765:

2755:

2745:

2739:is a text of around 5,0002630:. It can be translated as2477:Chinese Taoist Association2015:(Queen Mother of the West)8339:Sacred Mountains of China7749:

5443:Kohn, Livia, ed. (2000),4872:LaFargue & al. (1998)4817:Allan and Williams (2000)4231:, Infobase, p.262,4134:Dictionary.com Unabridged3548:, London: Trübner, 1868,3420:Challenges in translation3337:Versions and translations3174:the corresponding article3151:Laozi §Tao Te Ching3120:

3064:

2855:

2851:

2847:

2759:; chapters 1–37) and the2706:

2692:

2561:and foundational work of2401:Sacred Mountains of China2026:(King Father of the East)1706:Three Treasures (virtues)1467:

1339:

1323:

1299:

1038:

1026:

1002:

979:

966:

833:

829:of the Way and Its Power"563:

215:

167:

132:

117:Publishedin English72:

37:

8024:Queen Mother of the West7414:Luther's Large Catechism7256:(Judaism, Christianity)5550:Tao: The Watercourse Way5484:Komjathy, Louis (2008),5213:Philosophy East and West5145:Philosophy East and West4594:

4585:

4511:Austin, Michael (2010),4487:Austin, Michael (2010),3597:Suzuki, Daisetsu Teitaro3369:Sacred Books of the East3031:(226–249AD) was a2689:of the Way and Its Power2361:Zhengyi (Orthodox Unity)871:ㄉㄠˋㄉㄜˊ795:TraditionalChinese537:TraditionalChinese173:TraditionalChinese8029:King Father of the East5808:Nine Schools of Thought5568:Welch, Holmes (1965) ,5473:and Its Tradition". In5321:Creel, Herrlee Glessner5051:10.1093/jaarel/66.3.6864985:University of Tennessee4948:The Journal of Religion4860:Watts & Huan (1975)4771:Loewe, Michael (1993),4211:Suzuki & al. (1913)4111:Oxford University Press3656:, New York: Grove Press3403:together with his wife3257:For more guidance, see2831:, by Chinese historian873:ㄓㄣㄐㄧㄥ809:SimplifiedChinese601:ㄌㄠˇㄗˇ551:SimplifiedChinese187:SimplifiedChinese7334:(Eastern Christianity)7111:State consequentialism5554:, New York: Pantheon,5521:Van Norden, Bryan W.;5469:Chan, Alan K. L. "The5411:Klaus, Hilmar (2009),5402:Klaus, Hilmar (2008),5367:Christ the Eternal Tao4946:by Stephen Mitchell",4884:Welch, Holmes (1966),4437:Bryce & al. (1991)4393:Giles & al. (1905)4196:Legge & al. (1891)3605:, La Salle: Open Court3589:The Sayings of Lao Tzu2887: 384–362BC2822:

2701:) and the descriptive1996:(Empress of the Earth)1281:5000-Character Classic697:Lou5zi2 Dou6dak1 Ging18455:Chinese classic texts7433:Book of Common Prayer6128:Northern and Southern5453:10.1163/97890043918405278:, Stanford University5116:10.3366/tal.2022.04944362:Kohn & al. (1998)4330:The Way and its Power4107:UK English Dictionary3672:Houang, François and3654:The Way and Its Power3492:grammatical particles3230:copyright attribution2951:Chinese creation myth2892:The pronunciation of2862:, Laozi composed the2817:

2778:grammatical particles1457:*C.ŋˤaʔ s.n̥ˤi mə7426:Heidelberg Catechism5605:Chinese Text Project5495:"On Translating the5286:History of Religions3518:Notable translations3448:improve this article3385:John Ching Hsiung Wu3086:Mawangdui Silk Texts2969:Mawangdui silk texts2965:Benjamin I. Schwartz2622:romanisation, or as2559:Chinese classic text1963:(Great Jade Emperor)1645:Zhenxing (true name)1451:Baxter–Sagart (2014)1261:Baxter–Sagart (2014)947:Baxter–Sagart (2014)767:Baxter–Sagart (2014)506:Baxter–Sagart (2014)27:Chinese classic text7788:(self-cultivation)7529:(Roman Catholicism)7485:Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya7448:(Roman Catholicism)7442:(Roman Catholicism)7420:Augsburg Confession7391:(Roman Catholicism)7379:(Roman Catholicism)7302:Nag Hammadi library7212:(Egyptian religion)5758:School of Diplomacy5270:Chan, Alan (2013),4334:, New York: Grove,3940:; in English often3321:practices, such as3104:section before the2682:Emperor Jing of Han2602:, and particularly2539:traditional Chinese683:Lóuhjí Douhdāk Gīng617:Laotzyy Dawder Jing103:4th centuryBC68:Originaltitle34:

7780:(external alchemy)7772:(internal alchemy)7492:Liber AL vel Legis7316:(Greek polytheism)7298:(Roman polytheism)5692:Chinese philosophy5572:, Boston: Beacon,5523:Ivanhoe, Philip J.5396:Lao Tzu and Taoism5225:10.1353/PEW.0.01084543:Palgrave Macmillan4258:, 27 December 20133804:Le Guin, Ursula K.3238:interlanguage link3010:Emperor Wen of Han2975:Principal versions2823:

2741:Chinese characters2731:Internal structure2588:religious practice2584:Chinese philosophy2547:simplified Chinese2452:Cebu Taoist Temple2291:Way of the Taiping752:Ló-tsú Tō-tik-king738:Ló-chú Tō-tek-keng8396:

8395:

8007:Tianhuang Emperor7747:

7746:

7669:

7668:

7536:

7535:

7514:The Satanic Bible7408:Guru Granth Sahib7155:

7154:

7003:Mandate of Heaven6875:

6874:

5633:Legge translation5579:978-0-8070-5973-95561:978-0-394-73311-15536:978-0-87220-780-65514:978-0-7914-3600-45435:978-0-7914-3600-45394:Kaltenmark, Max.5388:978-0-226-20403-15342:978-0-226-12041-65018:978-0-203-64671-74994:on 2 January 20074901:978-0-8070-5973-94862:, pp.78–86.4784:978-1-55729-043-44713:Boltz, William G.4698:978-0-674-04331-24655:978-0-14-044131-44626:978-0-670-02498-84619:, pp.ix–x,4552:978-1-137-55094-14522:978-0-393-93349-94513:Reading the World4498:978-0-393-93349-94489:Reading the World4238:978-1-4381-1038-74225:"Lao-tzu (Laozi)"3874:Huangdi Yinfujing3813:978-1-61180-724-03783:978-1-60925-441-43763:978-0-307-43463-03700:978-0-06-180739-83691:Mitchell, Stephen3638:Duyvendak, J.J.L.3620:, Hien Hien, 19133577:Project Gutenberg3555:978-0-524-07788-73532:Julien, Stanislas3488:Classical Chinese3480:

3479:

3472:

3294:. The concept of3270:

3269:

3186:

3182:

3129:Guodian Chu Slips3080:and Guodian texts2991:scholar Yan Zun (2928:, yet before the2925:Classic of Poetry2604:Chinese Buddhists2596:Legalist thinkers2529:

2528:

2484:Celestial Masters2447:Louguantai Temple1471:

1470:

1463:

1462:

1413:Yale Romanization1350:Standard Mandarin1276:

1275:

1171:Yale Romanization1112:Yale Romanization1049:Standard Mandarin970:

969:

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961:

909:Yale Romanization901:Tao Tê Chên Ching844:Standard Mandarin784:

783:

677:Yale Romanization639:Yale Romanization574:Standard Mandarin521:

520:

378:Yale Romanization289:Yale Romanization226:Standard Mandarin158:

157:

108:Publication place84:Classical Chinese16:(Redirected from8487:

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7677:

7654:(transformation)7631:(eight trigrams)7583:

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7556:

7549:

7540:

7389:Summa Theologica7377:Ambrosian Hymnal7182:

7175:

7168:

7159:

7032:Self-cultivation6937:Neo-Confucianism6672:Chung-ying Cheng5830:

5731:New Confucianism5726:Neo-Confucianism5685:

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See Also

Green Revolution - Knowledge (XXH)

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857:Dàodé Zhēnjīng853:

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7985:Daode Tianzun7983:

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7965:Hongjun Laozu7963:

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7845:(immortality)7844:

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2223:Zhang Boduan2205:Tao Hongjing2077:

2067:Guan Shengdi2024:Dongwanggong2004:

1983:Gouchen Dadi1961:Yuhuang Dadi1950:

1919:

1909:

1887:

1881:

1873:

1866:

1861:Sanhuangjing1859:

1852:

1845:

1838:

1831:

1825:

1818:

1817:

1810:

1763:

1752:

1745:

1736:

1729:

1718:Ten Precepts1686:

1682:

1670:

1663:

1656:

1637:

1630:

1620:

1616:(non-action)1613:

1603:

1595:

1586:

1567:

1560:

1553:

1544:

1537:

1528:

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46:Tao Te Ching45:

29:

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