VIDEO solution: Phosgene (COCl2) is formed by CO and Cl2 reacting in the presence of activated charcoal: CO + Cl2 → COCl2. At T = 303.8 K, the rate of formation of phosgene in the presence of 1 gram of charcoal is where C denotes concentration in mol/L. (2024)

`); let searchUrl = `/search/`; history.forEach((elem) => { prevsearch.find('#prevsearch-options').append(`

${elem}

`); }); } $('#search-pretype-options').empty(); $('#search-pretype-options').append(prevsearch); let prevbooks = $(false); [ {title:"Recently Opened Textbooks", books:previous_books}, {title:"Recommended Textbooks", books:recommended_books} ].forEach((book_segment) => { if (Array.isArray(book_segment.books) && book_segment.books.length>0 && nsegments<2) { nsegments+=1; prevbooks = $(`

  • ${book_segment.title}
  • `); let searchUrl = "/books/xxx/"; book_segment.books.forEach((elem) => { prevbooks.find('#prevbooks-options'+nsegments.toString()).append(`

    ${elem.title} ${ordinal(elem.edition)} ${elem.author}

    `); }); } $('#search-pretype-options').append(prevbooks); }); } function anon_pretype() { let prebooks = null; try { prebooks = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem('PRETYPE_BOOKS_ANON')); }catch(e) {} if ('previous_books' in prebooks && 'recommended_books' in prebooks) { previous_books = prebooks.previous_books; recommended_books = prebooks.recommended_books; if (typeof PREVBOOKS !== 'undefined' && Array.isArray(PREVBOOKS)) { new_prevbooks = PREVBOOKS; previous_books.forEach(elem => { for (let i = 0; i < new_prevbooks.length; i++) { if (elem.id == new_prevbooks[i].id) { return; } } new_prevbooks.push(elem); }); new_prevbooks = new_prevbooks.slice(0,3); previous_books = new_prevbooks; } if (typeof RECBOOKS !== 'undefined' && Array.isArray(RECBOOKS)) { new_recbooks = RECBOOKS; for (let j = 0; j < new_recbooks.length; j++) { new_recbooks[j].viewed_at = new Date(); } let insert = true; for (let i=0; i < recommended_books.length; i++){ for (let j = 0; j < new_recbooks.length; j++) { if (recommended_books[i].id == new_recbooks[j].id) { insert = false; } } if (insert){ new_recbooks.push(recommended_books[i]); } } new_recbooks.sort((a,b)=>{ adate = new Date(2000, 0, 1); bdate = new Date(2000, 0, 1); if ('viewed_at' in a) {adate = new Date(a.viewed_at);} if ('viewed_at' in b) {bdate = new Date(b.viewed_at);} // 100000000: instead of just erasing the suggestions from previous week, // we just move them to the back of the queue acurweek = ((new Date()).getDate()-adate.getDate()>7)?0:100000000; bcurweek = ((new Date()).getDate()-bdate.getDate()>7)?0:100000000; aviews = 0; bviews = 0; if ('views' in a) {aviews = acurweek+a.views;} if ('views' in b) {bviews = bcurweek+b.views;} return bviews - aviews; }); new_recbooks = new_recbooks.slice(0,3); recommended_books = new_recbooks; } localStorage.setItem('PRETYPE_BOOKS_ANON', JSON.stringify({ previous_books: previous_books, recommended_books: recommended_books })); build_popup(); } } var whiletyping_search_object = null; var whiletyping_search = { books: [], curriculum: [], topics: [] } var single_whiletyping_ajax_promise = null; var whiletyping_database_initial_burst = 0; //number of consecutive calls, after 3 we start the 1 per 5 min calls function get_whiletyping_database() { //gets the database from the server. // 1. by validating against a local database value we confirm that the framework is working and // reduce the ammount of continuous calls produced by errors to 1 per 5 minutes. return localforage.getItem('whiletyping_last_attempt').then(function(value) { if ( value==null || (new Date()) - (new Date(value)) > 1000*60*5 || (whiletyping_database_initial_burst < 3) ) { localforage.setItem('whiletyping_last_attempt', (new Date()).getTime()); // 2. Make an ajax call to the server and get the search database. let databaseUrl = `/search/whiletype_database/`; let resp = single_whiletyping_ajax_promise; if (resp === null) { whiletyping_database_initial_burst = whiletyping_database_initial_burst + 1; single_whiletyping_ajax_promise = resp = new Promise((resolve, reject) => { $.ajax({ url: databaseUrl, type: 'POST', data:{csrfmiddlewaretoken: "OrE5YcpwIy8bOPPKGLTv4mjHIlBTGCnOF5XZRNaKkBWFBqRMmRJEBhoBhmkCjwDi"}, success: function (data) { // 3. verify that the elements of the database exist and are arrays if ( ('books' in data) && ('curriculum' in data) && ('topics' in data) && Array.isArray(data.books) && Array.isArray(data.curriculum) && Array.isArray(data.topics)) { localforage.setItem('whiletyping_last_success', (new Date()).getTime()); localforage.setItem('whiletyping_database', data); resolve(data); } }, error: function (error) { console.log(error); resolve(null); }, complete: function (data) { single_whiletyping_ajax_promise = null; } }) }); } return resp; } return Promise.resolve(null); }).catch(function(err) { console.log(err); return Promise.resolve(null); }); } function get_whiletyping_search_object() { // gets the fuse objects that will be in charge of the search if (whiletyping_search_object){ return Promise.resolve(whiletyping_search_object); } database_promise = localforage.getItem('whiletyping_database').then(function(database) { return localforage.getItem('whiletyping_last_success').then(function(last_success) { if (database==null || (new Date()) - (new Date(last_success)) > 1000*60*60*24*30 || (new Date('2023-04-25T00:00:00')) - (new Date(last_success)) > 0) { // New database update return get_whiletyping_database().then(function(new_database) { if (new_database) { database = new_database; } return database; }); } else { return Promise.resolve(database); } }); }); return database_promise.then(function(database) { if (database) { const options = { isCaseSensitive: false, includeScore: true, shouldSort: true, // includeMatches: false, // findAllMatches: false, // minMatchCharLength: 1, // location: 0, threshold: 0.2, // distance: 100, // useExtendedSearch: false, ignoreLocation: true, // ignoreFieldNorm: false, // fieldNormWeight: 1, keys: [ "title" ] }; let curriculum_index={}; let topics_index={}; database.curriculum.forEach(c => curriculum_index[c.id]=c); database.topics.forEach(t => topics_index[t.id]=t); for (j=0; j

    Solutions
  • Textbooks
  • `); } function build_solutions() { if (Array.isArray(solution_search_result)) { const viewAllHTML = userSubscribed ? `View All` : ''; var solutions_section = $(`
  • Solutions ${viewAllHTML}
  • `); let questionUrl = "/questions/xxx/"; let askUrl = "/ask/question/xxx/"; solution_search_result.forEach((elem) => { let url = ('course' in elem)?askUrl:questionUrl; let solution_type = ('course' in elem)?'ask':'question'; let subtitle = ('course' in elem)?(elem.course??""):(elem.book ?? "")+"    "+(elem.chapter?"Chapter "+elem.chapter:""); solutions_section.find('#whiletyping-solutions').append(` ${elem.text} ${subtitle} `); }); $('#search-solution-options').empty(); if (Array.isArray(solution_search_result) && solution_search_result.length>0){ $('#search-solution-options').append(solutions_section); } MathJax.typesetPromise([document.getElementById('search-solution-options')]); } } function build_textbooks() { $('#search-pretype-options').empty(); $('#search-pretype-options').append($('#search-solution-options').html()); if (Array.isArray(textbook_search_result)) { var books_section = $(`
  • Textbooks View All
  • `); let searchUrl = "/books/xxx/"; textbook_search_result.forEach((elem) => { books_section.find('#whiletyping-books').append(` ${elem.title} ${ordinal(elem.edition)} ${elem.author} `); }); } if (Array.isArray(textbook_search_result) && textbook_search_result.length>0){ $('#search-pretype-options').append(books_section); } } function build_popup(first_time = false) { if ($('#search-text').val()=='') { build_pretype(); } else { solution_and_textbook_search(); } } var search_text_out = true; var search_popup_out = true; const is_login = false; function pretype_setup() { $('#search-text').focusin(function() { $('#search-popup').addClass('show'); resize_popup(); search_text_out = false; }); $( window ).resize(function() { resize_popup(); }); $('#search-text').focusout(() => { search_text_out = true; if (search_text_out && search_popup_out) { $('#search-popup').removeClass('show'); } }); $('#search-popup').mouseenter(() => { search_popup_out = false; }); $('#search-popup').mouseleave(() => { search_popup_out = true; if (search_text_out && search_popup_out) { $('#search-popup').removeClass('show'); } }); $('#search-text').on("keyup", delay(() => { build_popup(); }, 200)); build_popup(true); let prevbookUrl = `/search/pretype_books/`; if (is_login) { $.ajax({ url: prevbookUrl, method: 'POST', data:{csrfmiddlewaretoken: "OrE5YcpwIy8bOPPKGLTv4mjHIlBTGCnOF5XZRNaKkBWFBqRMmRJEBhoBhmkCjwDi"}, success: function(response){ previous_books = response.previous_books; recommended_books = response.recommended_books; build_popup(); }, error: function(response){ console.log(response); } }); } else { let prebooks = null; try { prebooks = JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem('PRETYPE_BOOKS_ANON')); }catch(e) {} if (prebooks && 'previous_books' in prebooks && 'recommended_books' in prebooks) { anon_pretype(); } else { $.ajax({ url: prevbookUrl, method: 'POST', data:{csrfmiddlewaretoken: "OrE5YcpwIy8bOPPKGLTv4mjHIlBTGCnOF5XZRNaKkBWFBqRMmRJEBhoBhmkCjwDi"}, success: function(response){ previous_books = response.previous_books; recommended_books = response.recommended_books; build_popup(); }, error: function(response){ console.log(response); } }); } } } $( document ).ready(pretype_setup); $( document ).ready(function(){ $('#search-popup').on('click', '.search-view-item', function(e) { e.preventDefault(); let autoCompleteSearchViewUrl = `/search/autocomplete_search_view/`; let objectUrl = $(this).attr('href'); let selectedId = $(this).data('objid'); let searchResults = []; $("#whiletyping-solutions").find("a").each(function() { let is_selected = selectedId === $(this).data('objid'); searchResults.push({ objectId: $(this).data('objid'), contentType: $(this).data('contenttype'), category: $(this).data('category'), selected: is_selected }); }); $("#whiletyping-books").find("a").each(function() { let is_selected = selectedId === $(this).data('objid'); searchResults.push({ objectId: $(this).data('objid'), contentType: $(this).data('contenttype'), category: $(this).data('category'), selected: is_selected }); }); $.ajax({ url: autoCompleteSearchViewUrl, method: 'POST', data:{ csrfmiddlewaretoken: "OrE5YcpwIy8bOPPKGLTv4mjHIlBTGCnOF5XZRNaKkBWFBqRMmRJEBhoBhmkCjwDi", query: $('#search-text').val(), searchObjects: JSON.stringify(searchResults) }, dataType: 'json', complete: function(data){ window.location.href = objectUrl; } }); }); });
    VIDEO solution: Phosgene (COCl2) is formed by CO and Cl2 reacting in the presence of activated charcoal: CO + Cl2 → COCl2. At T = 303.8 K, the rate of formation of phosgene in the presence of 1 gram of charcoal is where C denotes concentration in mol/L. (2024)

    FAQs

    What is the rate law for the reaction between CO and Cl2 to form phosgene? ›

    The rate law for the reaction between CO[g] and Cl2(g) to form phosgene (Cl2CO) Cl2(g) + CO(g) rightarrow Cl2CO(g) Is d[Cl2CO] / dt = kobs[Cl2]3/2[CO] Show that the following mechanism is consistent with this rate law.

    What is the order of the reaction co Cl2 COCl2? ›

    The reaction CO + Cl2--> COCl2 is first order with respect to CO, and 3/2 order with respect to Cl2. If the units for rate are M/min, what are the units of the rate constant for this reaction? Please show work. The answer is 1/(min*M^3/2).

    Is phosgene COCl2 usually produced by the reaction between carbon monoxide and chlorine? ›

    Phosgene, COCl2, is usually produced by the reaction between carbon monoxide and chlorine according to the equation: CO(g)+Cl2( g)⇌COCl2( g) (i) Deduce the equilibrium constant expression, Kc, for this reaction. (ii) At exactly 600∘C the value of the equilibrium constant is 0.200.

    What is the action of CO with Cl2? ›

    Carbon monoxide and chlorine gas react to form phosgene: CO(g) + Cl2(g) ⇌ COCl2(g) Kp = 3.10 at 700 K If a reaction mixture initially contains 215 torr of CO and 245 torr of Cl2, what is the mole fraction of COCl2 when equilibrium is reached?

    How is CO converted into phosgene gas? ›

    The adsorbed chlorine atoms react with gaseous CO (Eley-Rideal mechanism) to form a surface-bound acyl chloride entity [C(O)Cl(ad)], which further reacts with a surface-bound chlorine atom, leading to phosgene (Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism).

    What are the effects of chlorine phosgene gas? ›

    Health Effects

    Phosgene poisoning may cause respiratory and cardiovascular failure, which results from low plasma volume, increased hemoglobin concentration, low blood pressure, and an accumulation of fluid in the lungs. Secondary systemic damage is the result of anoxia.

    What are the equilibrium constant expressions for CO G Cl2 G → COCl2 G? ›

    At 1000K, the equilibrium constant, Kc for the reaction, CO(g)+Cl2(g)⇌COCl2(g), is equal to 3.04.

    What is the order with respect to NO and Cl2 in the reaction? ›

    The reaction is second order with respect to NO and first order with respect to [ C l 2 ] .

    What is the order of the reaction 2NO Cl2 2NOCl? ›

    The reaction 2NO(g)+Cl2(g)→2NOCl(g) is second order in NO and first order in Cl2. In a volume of 2 dm3.

    What two chemicals make phosgene gas? ›

    Phosgene is a colorless gas at ambient temperature and pressure, and inhalation is the most important route of exposure for phosgene. Phosgene is manufactured from a reaction of carbon monoxide and chlorine gas in the presence of activated charcoal. Inhalation is the most important route of exposure for phosgene.

    Where does phosgene gas come from? ›

    Phosgene can be formed when chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds are exposed to high temperatures. Chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds are substances sometimes used or created in industry that contain the elements chlorine, hydrogen, and carbon.

    What is a synonym for phosgene? ›

    Phosgene. Synonyms & Trade Names. Carbon oxychloride, Carbonyl chloride, Carbonyl dichloride, Chloroformyl chloride.

    What happens when Cl2 reacts? ›

    Chlorine reacts with different elements and forms binary chlorides. Chlorination of metals with Cl2 usually leads to a higher oxidation state. However, Chlorides can be made by reaction of an element or its oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate with hydrochloric acid.

    What is produced when carbon monoxide and chlorine combine in an equilibrium reaction? ›

    4. Carbon monoxide and chlorine combine in an equilibrium reaction to produce the highly toxic product, phosgene (COCI) CO(g) + Cl(g) COC1(g) If the equilibrium constant for this reaction is K, = 248, predict, if possible, what will happen when the reactants and product are combined with the concentrations shown.

    What happens when propane reacts with Cl2? ›

    The major product would be 2-chloropropane: CH3-CH2-CH3 + Cl2 → CH3-CHCl-CH3 + HCl.

    What is required for the formation of phosgene from CO and chlorine? ›

    Industrially, phosgene is produced by passing purified carbon monoxide and chlorine gas through a bed of porous activated carbon, which serves as a catalyst: CO + Cl 2 → COCl 2 (ΔHrxn = −107.6 kJ/mol) This reaction is exothermic and is typically performed between 50 and 150 °C.

    What is the equation for the formation of phosgene? ›

    The reaction of the formation of phosgene gas from CO and Cl2 is as follows: CO(g)+Cl2(g)⇌COCl2(g) In an experiment, starting with equimolecular CO and Cl2 in a 250mL flask, the equilibrium mixture on analysis is found to contain 0.5mole CO, 0.05 mole Cl2 and 0.15 mole COCl2.

    What is the rate law for chcl3 and Cl2? ›

    For a gas phase reaction Cl 2 + CHCl 3 → HCl + CCl 4 , the rate law is given as r = K Cl 2 1 / 2 CHCl 3 .

    What is the rate law for the following elementary reaction 2NO Cl2 → 2NOCl? ›

    Question: a) The reaction 2NO + Cl2 -> 2NOCl obeys the rate law, rate = k[NO]2[Cl2].

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