Ella Baker - Knowledge (XXH) (2024)

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Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, and gained respect for her organizing abilities. She helped initiate voter registration campaigns and identify other local grievances. Their strategy included education, sermons in churches, and efforts to establish grassroots centers to stress the importance of the vote. They also planned to rely on the Civil Rights Act of 1957 to protect local voters. While the project did not achieve its immediate goals, it laid the groundwork for strengthening local activist centers to build a mass movement for the vote across the South. After John Tilley resigned as director of the SCLC, Baker lived and worked in Atlanta for two and a half years as interim executive director until Reverend

265:, to Georgiana (called Anna) and Blake Baker, and first raised there. She was the second of three surviving children, bracketed by her older brother Blake Curtis and younger sister Maggie. Her father worked on a steamship line that sailed out of Norfolk, and so was often away. Her mother took in boarders to earn extra money. In 1910, Norfolk had a race riot in which whites attacked black workers from the shipyard. Her mother decided to take the family back to North Carolina while their father continued to work for the steamship company. Ella was seven when they returned to her mother's rural hometown near453:(SCLC) was formed. This was planned as a loosely structured coalition of church-based leaders who were engaged in civil rights struggles across the South. The group wanted to emphasize the use of nonviolent actions to bring about social progress and racial justice for southern blacks. They intended to rely on the existing black churches, at the heart of their communities, as a base of its support. Its strength would be built on the political activities of local church affiliates. The SCLC leaders envisioned themselves as the political arm of the black church.405:

people she met. This personalized approach was one important aspect of Baker's effectiveness in recruiting more NAACP members. She formed a network of people in the South who would be important in the continued fight for civil rights. Whereas some northern organizers tended to talk down to rural southerners, Baker's ability to treat everyone with respect helped her in recruiting. Baker fought to make the NAACP more democratic. She tried to find a balance between voicing her concerns and maintaining a unified front.

569:. The group wanted to challenge the national party to affirm the rights of African Americans to participate in party elections in the South, where they were still largely disenfranchised. When MFDP delegates challenged the pro-segregationist, all-white official delegation, a major conflict ensued. The MFDP delegation was not seated, but their influence on the Democratic Party later helped to elect many black leaders in Mississippi. They forced a rule change to allow women and minorities to sit as delegates at the397:(NAACP), then based in New York City. In December 1940 she started work there as a secretary. She traveled widely for the organization, especially in the South, recruiting members, raising money, and organizing local chapters. She was named director of branches in 1943, and became the NAACP's highest-ranking woman. An outspoken woman, Baker believed in egalitarian ideals. She pushed the NAACP to decentralize its leadership structure and to aid its membership in more activist campaigns at the local level.580:" position. Baker was less involved with SNCC during this period, but her withdrawal was due more to her declining health than to ideological differences. According to her biographer Barbara Ransby, Baker believed that black power was a relief from the "stale and unmoving demands and language of the more mainstream civil rights groups at the time." She also accepted the turn towards armed self-defense that SNCC made in the course of its development. Her friend and biographer727:, Baker advocated a more collectivist model of leadership over the "prevailing messianic style of the period". She was largely arguing against the structuring of the civil rights movement by the organization model of the black church. The black church then had largely female membership and male leadership. Baker questioned not only the gendered hierarchy of the civil rights movement but also that of the Black church.799:

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sustain the momentum of their actions, teach them the skills necessary, provide the resources that were needed, and also help them to coalesce into a more militant and democratic force. To this end she worked to keep the students independent of the older, church-based leadership. In her address at Shaw, she warned the activists to be wary of "leader-centered orientation".

326:(YNCL). It sought to develop black economic power through collective networks. They conducted "conferences and trainings in the 1930s in their attempt to create a small, interlocking system of cooperative economic societies throughout the US" for black economic development. Having befriended Schuyler, Baker joined his group in 1931 and soon became its national director.7139:

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of 1961. They also expanded their grassroots movement among black sharecroppers, tenant farmers, and others throughout the South. Ella Baker insisted that "strong people don't need strong leaders", and criticized the notion of a single charismatic leader of movements for social change. In keeping the

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In 1946, Baker took in her niece Jackie, whose mother was unable to care for her. Due to her new responsibilities, Baker left her full-time position with the NAACP and began to serve as a volunteer. She soon joined the NAACP's New York branch to work on local school desegregation and police brutality

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Baker believed that the strength of an organization grew from the bottom up, not the top down. She believed that the branches' work was the NAACP's lifeblood. Baker despised elitism and placed her confidence in many. She believed that the bedrock of any social change organization is not its leaders'

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to escape its oppressive society. At an early age, Baker gained a sense of social injustice, as she listened to her grandmother's horror stories of life as an enslaved person. Her grandmother was beaten and whipped for refusing to marry an enslaved man her owner chose, and told Ella other stories of

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SNCC became the most active organization in the deeply oppressed Mississippi Delta. It was more open to women than the other prominent Civil Rights organizations, including the SCLC, where Baker witnessed extensive misogynistic teachings and the suppression of women activists. But widespread sexism

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Baker believed the program should be primarily channeled not through White and the national office, but through the people in the field. She lobbied to reduce the rigid hierarchy, place more power in the hands of capable local leaders, and give local branches greater responsibility and autonomy. In

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Baker, King, and other SCLC members were reported to have differences in opinion and philosophy during the 1950s and 1960s. She was older than many of the young ministers she worked with, which added to their tensions. She once said the "movement made Martin, and not Martin the movement". When she

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Baker saw the potential for a special type of leadership by the young sit-in leaders, who were not yet prominent in the movement. She believed they could revitalize the Black Freedom Movement and take it in a new direction. Baker wanted to bring the sit-in participants together in a way that would

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While traveling throughout the South on the NAACP's behalf, Baker met hundreds of black people, establishing lasting relationships with them. She slept in their homes, ate at their tables, spoke in their churches, and earned their trust. She wrote thank-you notes and expressed her gratitude to the

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campaign to increase the number of registered African-American voters for the 1958 and 1960 elections. Baker was hired as Associate Director, the first staff person for the SCLC. Reverend John Tilley became the first Executive Director. Baker worked closely with southern civil rights activists in

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issues. She became its president in 1952. In this role, she supervised the field secretaries and coordinated the national office's work with local groups. Baker's top priority was to lessen the organization's bureaucracy and give women more power in the organization; this included reducing

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idea of "participatory democracy", Baker wanted each person to get involved. She also argued that "people under the heel", the most oppressed members of any community, "had to be the ones to decide what action they were going to take to get (out) from under their oppression".

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Baker's job with the SCLC was more frustrating than fruitful. She was unsettled politically, physically, and emotionally. She had no solid allies in the office. Historian Thomas F. Jackson notes that Baker criticized the organization for "programmatic sluggishness and

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influenced her thoughts and teachings. She advocated widespread, local action as a means of social change. Her emphasis on a grassroots approach to the struggle for equal rights influenced the growth and success of the civil rights movement of the mid-20th century.

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to invite southern university students to the Southwide Youth Leadership Conference at Shaw University on Easter weekend. This was a gathering of sit-in leaders to meet, assess their struggles, and explore the possibilities for future actions. At this meeting, the

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eloquence or credentials, but the commitment and hard work of the rank and file membership and their willingness and ability to engage in discussion, debate, and decision-making. She especially stressed the importance of young people and women in the organization.

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As a child, Baker grew up with little influence. Her grandfather Mitchell had died, and her father's parents lived a day's ride away. She often listened to her grandmother, Josephine Elizabeth "Bet" Ross, tell stories about slavery and leaving the

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You didn't see me on television, you didn't see news stories about me. The kind of role that I tried to play was to pick up pieces or put together pieces out of which I hoped organization might come. My theory is, strong people don't need strong

602:(SCEF). Its goal was to help black and white people work together for social justice; the interracial desegregation and human rights group was based in the South. SCEF raised funds for black activists, lobbied for implementation of President35:

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565:(MFDP) as an alternative to the all-white Mississippi Democratic Party. She worked as the coordinator of the Washington office of the MFDP and accompanied a delegation of the MFDP to the 1964 National Democratic Party convention in506:

later described the speech as "an eye opener" and probably the best of the conference. "She didn't say, 'Don't let Martin Luther King tell you what to do,'" Bond remembers, "but you got the real feeling that that's what she meant."

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activist. She was a largely behind-the-scenes organizer whose career spanned more than five decades. In New York City and the South, she worked alongside some of the most noted civil rights leaders of the 20th century, including

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wrote that "Baker, who always said that she would never be able to turn the other cheek, turned a blind eye to the prevalence of weapons. While she herself would rely on her fists ... she had no qualms about target practice."

460:. Baker was one of three major organizers of this large-scale event. She demonstrated her ability to straddle organizational lines, ignoring and minimizing rivalries and battles. The conference's first project was the 19588709:

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During this time, Baker lived with and married her college sweetheart, T. J. (Bob) Roberts. They divorced in 1958. Baker rarely discussed her private life or marital status. According to fellow activist

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and others to form the Mass Party Organizing Committee, a socialist organization. In 1972 she traveled the country in support of the "Free Angela" campaign, demanding the release of activist and writer

245:, and the ability of the oppressed to understand their worlds and advocate for themselves. She realized this vision most fully in the 1960s as the primary advisor and strategist of the SNCC. Biographer629:

to reject red-baiting as divisive and unfair. During the 1960s, Baker participated in a speaking tour and co-hosted several meetings on the importance of linking civil rights and civil liberties.

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life as an African-American woman during this period. Giving her granddaughter context to the African-American experience helped Baker understand the injustices black people still faced.

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gave a speech urging activists to take control of the movement themselves, rather than rely on a leader with "heavy feet of clay", it was widely interpreted as a denunciation of King.

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and appeals to male supremacy pervaded its membership. After the conference at Shaw, Baker resigned from the SCLC and began a long and close relationship with SNCC. Along with

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621:(HUAC). Baker believed that socialism, the transitory phase toward communism, was a humane alternative to capitalism. She became a staunch defender of Braden and her husband8704:

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In 1961 Baker persuaded the SNCC to form two wings: one wing for direct action and the second wing for voter registration. With Baker's help SNCC, along with the

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In 2003, The Ella Jo Baker Intentional Community Cooperative, a 15-unit co-housing community, began living together in a renovated house in Washington, DC.

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341:. Baker taught courses in consumer education, labor history, and African history. She immersed herself in the cultural and political milieu of8669:

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In January 1957, Baker went to Atlanta to attend a conference aimed at developing a new regional organization to build on the success of the

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Baker's philosophy was "power to the people". If members worked together, she believed that a group's force could make significant changes.

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2073:"Click - Women in Civil Rights - Women in the Civil Rights Movement, Ella Baker, Black Women and Civil Rights, Women and Civil Rights Act"1617:

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calls Baker "one of the most important American leaders of the twentieth century and perhaps the most influential woman in the

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in Alabama. She also founded the Negro History Club at the Harlem Library and regularly attended lectures and meetings at the

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That same year, 1960, on the heels of regional desegregation sit-ins led by black college students, Baker persuaded the

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Baker, Ella Josephine (13 December 1903–13 December 1986), civil rights organizer | American National Biography

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In 1967 Baker returned to New York City, where she continued her activism. She later collaborated with

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She was a teacher and mentor to the young people of SNCC, influencing such important future leaders as

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An appeal for grassroots involvement of people throughout society, while making their own decisions

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Joseph Schwantner: New Morning for the World; Nicolas Flagello: The Passion of Martin Luther King

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From Civil Rights to Human Rights: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Struggle for Economic Justice

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about their private lives that allowed them to be accepted as individuals in the movement.

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Elliott, Aprele (May 1996). "Ella Baker: Free Agent in the Civil Rights Movement".

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Starting with People Where They Are: Ella Baker’s Theory of Political Organizing

1237:

999:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press. pp.700:

622:

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577:

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366:

1854:"Ella Baker and the Politics of Hope -- Lessons From the Civil Rights Movement"1423:

1089:

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In 2021 the former Woodrow Wilson Montessori School in Houston was renamed the

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1698:"April 15 - Birth of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)"1507:"Ella Baker: Backbone of the Civil Rights Movement | The Jackson Advocate"1152:

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338:

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Ella Baker & the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision

576:

The 1964 schism with the national Democratic Party led SNCC toward the "

8168:

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6645:

1431:

1105:

1073:

413:

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Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision

2112:

Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision

787:

Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision

6713:

646:, who had been imprisoned on charges of kidnapping and murder in the342:

2255:

2571:

2097:"Joy of Resistance proudly presents Fundi--The Story of Ella Baker"5448:

2605:

2023:

Barbra Harris, "Ella Baker: Backbone of the Civil Rights Movement"

797:

2589:

2579:, NC State University's College of Humanities and Social Sciences2136:

Hill, Copyright 2016 The University of North Carolina at Chapel.

2183:"Ella Taught Me: Shattering the Myth of the Leaderless Movement"1228:

Davis, Marcia. "Ella Baker: An Unsung Civil Rights-Era Legend."

626:

456:

The SCLC first appeared publicly as an organization at the 1957

354:

297:

honors. Decades later, she returned to Shaw to help found SNCC.

8367:

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7157:

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3715:

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2871:

2680:

2641:

769:, explored Baker's important role in the civil rights movement.1129:"Ella Baker, 'Black Women's Work' and Activist Intellectuals"2536:

Ella Baker: Community Organizer of the Civil Rights Movement

665:. She allied with a number of women's groups, including the329:

Baker also worked for the Worker's Education Project of the

8194:

2347:"Boston Foundation grants mean more summer jobs for teens"781:

Several biographies have been written of Baker, including

395:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

116:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

8710:

Women's International League for Peace and Freedom people

8563:

Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library, Washington, D.C.

2485:(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003),1322:(Interview). Interviewed by Beverly Bell; Natalie Miller.1212:

1210:

6898:

Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam

6676:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"2138:"UNC Press - Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement"1816:"Godmother of SNCC: Remembering Shaw Alumna Ella Baker"449:

in Alabama. After a second conference in February, the

261:

Ella Josephine Baker was born on December 13, 1903, in

8426:

African American founding fathers of the United States

6922:

African American founding fathers of the United States

5275:

Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement

5140:

John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights

2322:"Ella Jo Baker Intentional Community Cooperative, Inc"939:"Ella Baker and the Limits of Charismatic Masculinity"1074:"Ella Baker: Free Agent in the Civil Rights Movement"485:

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (1960–1966)

428:

1953 she resigned from the presidency to run for the

8336:

Estate of Martin Luther King, Jr., Inc. v. CBS, Inc.

2469:

Moving the Mountain: Women Working for Social Change

888:

established a visiting professorship to honor Baker.

598:

From 1962 to 1967, Baker worked as the staff of the

441:

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1957–1960)

182:(December 13, 1903– December 13, 1986) was an8319:

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7489:

7352:

7264:

7206:

7035:

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Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument

6937:

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2828:

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2460:G. J. Barker Benfield and Catherine Clinton, eds.,432:on the Liberal Party ticket, but was unsuccessful.210:She also mentored many emerging activists, such as147:

137:

108:

93:

70:

44:

25:

2007:We Want Freedom: A Life in the Black Panther Party992:

838:, a nonprofit strategy and action center based in671:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom393:In 1938 Baker began her long association with the1471:

1469:

1467:

610:in 1964 and 1965, but implementation took years.5506:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)8379:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)5496:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)5429:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights5320:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County8532:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial, San Francisco7857:King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis6975:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument613:In SCEF, Baker worked closely with her friend594:Southern Conference Education Fund (1962–1967)322:(and later an arch-conservative), founded the7803:Martin Luther King Jr. Records Collection Act7797:U.S. House Select Committee on Assassinations7341:Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community?7169:

6883:List of lynching victims in the United States5221:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States4733:

2653:

1179:"Randolph: The work and wisdom of Ella Baker"692:The new movement had three primary emphases:8:

8568:Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library, San Jose2235:"Candace Award Recipients 1982-1990, Page 1"1998:

1996:

1487:

1485:

959:"Tired of Giving In: Remembering Rosa Parks"8655:Activists for African-American civil rights8118:Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story7197:Speeches, writings, movements, and protests5350:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights2166:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (1333:Johnson, Cedric Kwesi (September 8, 2003).1261:. Ella Baker Women's Center. Archived from775:wrote "Ella's Song", in Baker's honor, for424:'s dominating role as executive secretary.310:Baker worked as editorial assistant at the8537:Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial (Compton)8364:

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22:

8705:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee7887:The Witness: From the Balcony of Room 3066955:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument2453:S. G. O'Malley, "Baker, Ella Josephine",2401:The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education2372:"Civil Rights Pioneers Honored on Stamps"1740:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.15009891611:

1609:

1370:. In Buhle, Mary Jo; etal. (eds.).986:

984:

886:University of California at Santa Barbara496:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee224:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee128:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee8600:Civil rights movement in popular culture8406:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change8328:Civil rights movement in popular culture7397:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom6990:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change5030:University of Georgia desegregation riot2582:Oral History Interviews with Ella Baker1619:The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement1232:, vol. 110, no. 3, May 2003, pp. 48–49.932:

930:

874:, was created at some point before 2005.689:and added direct citizen participation.491:Southern Christian Leadership Conference451:Southern Christian Leadership Conference349:and supporting the campaign to free the122:Southern Christian Leadership Conference7245:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence6904:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence6641:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"6636:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"2538:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.926:

498:(SNCC, pronounced "snick") was formed.6818:African-American women in the movement5270:White House Conference on Civil Rights5101:"Segregation now, segregation forever"2620:Click! The Ongoing Feminist Revolution2572:The Ella Baker Center for Human Rights2159:

1772:

1762:

619:House Un-American Activities Committee18:African-American civil rights activist8715:Works Progress Administration workers8690:People from Littleton, North Carolina5259:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections2239:National Coalition of 100 Black Women1814:DEGREGORY, CRYSTAL (April 17, 2012).1501:

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1395:

1224:

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853:in New York City was founded in 1996.827:In 1994, Baker was inducted into the815:National Coalition of 100 Black Women7:

8650:20th-century African-American people7027:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument5491:Regional Council of Negro Leadership5439:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party5385:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights4862:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company4787:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore2590:Oral Histories of the American South2326:Foundation for Intentional Community1926:Ransby (2003), pp. 209–238, 273–328.1708:from the original on August 9, 2020.1050:Kealoha, Samantha (April 18, 2007).937:Robert, Pascal (February 21, 2013).563:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party522:(CORE), coordinated the region-wide8645:20th-century African-American women8578:Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.5434:Lowndes County Freedom Organization5370:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters5040:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address2467:Ellen Cantarow and Susan O'Malley,1976:Women in the Civil Rights Movement,1957:from the original on March 24, 2016473:started in the role in April 1960.8481:Statues of Martin Luther King Jr.8217:King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew7773:(now National Civil Rights Museum)6878:African-American churches attacked5444:Montgomery Improvement Association5419:Georgia Council on Human Relations5404:Council of Federated Organizations5375:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)5133:16th Street Baptist Church bombing5091:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot4897:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom4801:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents2625:"Ella Baker," One Person, One Vote2455:American National Biography Online2422:Carpenter, Jacob (April 8, 2021).2301:Ella Baker Center for Human Rights1988:Women in the Civil Rights Movement1790:Women in the Civil Rights Movement905:Ella Baker Center for Human Rights836:Ella Baker Center for Human Rights655:Puerto Rican independence movement650:. Davis was eventually acquitted.600:Southern Conference Education Fund561:In 1964 Baker helped organize the14:

8032:Alpha Man: The Brotherhood of MLK6950:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute6823:Jews in the civil rights movement2820:Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias2529:American Political Science Review2200:Ransby, Barbara (April 4, 2011).2181:Ransby, Barbara (June 12, 2015).648:Marin County Civic Center attacks556:Students for a Democratic Society376:, a future scholar and activist;8345:King v. Trustees of Boston Univ.8224:"By the Time I Get to Arizona" (7293:Second Emancipation Proclamation7144:Civil rights movement portal7137:

6985:Freedom Riders National Monument6727:The Kingdom of God Is Within You5239:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches5198:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests5085:Second Emancipation Proclamation2560:SNCC Digital Gateway: Ella Baker2115:. Univ of North Carolina Press.1664:University of Pennsylvania Press877:In 2009, Baker was honored on a842:, was founded and named for her.324:Young Negroes Cooperative League167:

8675:American anti-poverty advocates8660:American civil rights activists8477:Safe House Black History Museum8396:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial7012:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum7000:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial5476:National Council of Negro Women5414:Deacons for Defense and Justice3890:Harriet Williams Russell Strong2046:Lang, Brent (October 5, 2021).1728:o'Malley, Susan Gushee (2000).1414:(5). Newbury Park, California:1177:Randolph, Irv (March 2, 2019).851:Julia Richman Education Complex163:

8680:Brookwood Labor College alumni8451:U.S. Capitol Rotunda sculpture7429:Mississippi March Against Fear4892:Mansfield school desegregation3569:Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose2615:Fundi: The Story of Ella Baker2606:Fundi: The Story of Ella Baker2594:Documenting the American South2478:(John Wiley & Sons, 1998).1662:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania:1145:10.1080/00064246.1994.11413167763:Fundi: The Story of Ella Baker571:Democratic National Convention333:, established under President1:

8695:People from Norfolk, Virginia8152:March! For Martin Luther King7373:Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom7022:National Voting Rights Museum6965:Civil Rights Movement Archive6764:Lynching in the United States6651:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"5106:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door5079:University of Chicago sit-ins4846:Davis v. Prince Edward County2670:National Women's Hall of Fame2276:National Women’s Hall of Fame1852:Boyte, Harry (July 1, 2015).829:National Women's Hall of Fame458:Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom331:Works Progress Administration8670:American democracy activists8665:American community activists8416:National Civil Rights Museum8411:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church7254:I've Been to the Mountaintop7017:National Civil Rights Museum6873:March on Washington Movement6858:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church5327:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.3916:Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis2599:"Ella Baker - Freedom Bound"2256:Ella Baker papers, 1926-1986910:List of civil rights leaders667:Third World Women's Alliance347:Italy's invasion of Ethiopia8553:sculpture, Portland, Oregon8543:Landmark for Peace Memorial8268:"Symphony of Brotherhood" (8191:Pride (In the Name of Love)7413:Selma to Montgomery marches7312:Letter from Birmingham Jail6661:"This Little Light of Mine"5409:Dallas County Voters League5355:Atlanta Negro Voters League5118:Letter from Birmingham Jail4825:Brown v. Board of Education4099:Martha Coffin Pelham Wright3503:Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin2462:Portraits of American Women1935:Ransby (2003), pp. 344–374.1908:(Wiley, 1999), pp. 194–199.1895:Ransby (2003), pp. 347–351.1886:Ransby (2003), pp. 330–344.1877:Ransby (2003), pp. 239–272.1702:A History of Racial Justice1656:Jackson, Thomas F. (2007).1646:Ransby (2003), pp. 170–175.1576:Ransby (2003), pp. 105–158.820:Her papers are held by the681:In the 1960s, the idea of "520:Congress of Racial Equality8733:

8640:African-American activists8441:Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity8384:Martin Luther King Jr. Day8165:Martin Luther King's Dream6995:Martin Luther King Jr. Day6863:Holt Street Baptist Church6833:16th Street Baptist Church5817:Annie Bell Robinson Devine5461:Nashville Student Movement5391:An Appeal for Human Rights3655:Katharine Dexter McCormick2953:Mary "Mother" Harris Jones2500:Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham2013:: Cambridge, 2004. p. 159.1461:Ransby (2003), pp. 64–104.1424:10.1177/0021934796026005051090:10.1177/002193479602600505809:In 1984, Baker received a8594:America in the King Years8374:

8363:

7843:

7832:

7766:

7753:

7485:

7474:

7448:Memphis sanitation strike7202:

7191:

7133:

6492:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson6462:Modjeska Monteith Simkins5526:Women's Political Council5521:Wednesdays in Mississippi5516:United Auto Workers (UAW)5501:Southern Regional Council5471:Northern Student Movement5380:Committee for Freedom Now5287:Memphis sanitation strike5253:Voting Rights Act of 19654996:Savannah Protest Movement4777:Journey of Reconciliation4545:

4534:

4217:

4206:

3722:

3711:

3513:Hannah Greenebaum Solomon3047:

3036:

2878:

2867:

2687:

2676:

2476:Ella Baker: Freedom Bound2099:, WBAI.org, May 28, 2014.1947:"Participatory democracy"1906:Ella Baker: Freedom Bound1696:Equal Justic Initiative.1616:Morris, Aldon D. (1986).1248:Ransby (2003), pp. 13–63.1216:Ransby (2003), pp. 29–31.653:Baker also supported the633:Final efforts (1968–1986)567:Atlantic City, New Jersey345:in the 1930s, protesting318:, a black journalist and306:First efforts (1930–1937)237:leadership; she promoted32:

8401:National Historical Park8139:Abraham, Martin and John7617:(strategist / colleague)7421:Chicago Freedom Movement5360:Atlanta Student Movement5309:Civil Rights Act of 19685234:1964–1965 Scripto strike5215:Civil Rights Act of 19645113:1963 Birmingham campaign5006:Civil Rights Act of 19604930:Civil Rights Act of 19573744:Marjory Stoneman Douglas3554:Wilhelmina Cole Holladay3327:Charlotte Perkins Gilman2609:, a film by Joanne Grant2109:Ransby, Barbara (2003).2028:August 27, 2016, at the1840:Creating Black Americans1802:Creating Black Americans1407:Journal of Black Studies1366:Ransby, Barbara (1994).1310:Nembhard, Jessica Gordon1184:The Philadelphia Tribune1078:Journal of Black Studies1072:Elliott, Aprele (1996).1052:"Ella Baker (1903-1986)"991:Ransby, Barbara (2003).8583:King County, Washington8436:FBI–King suicide letter6912:Voter Education Project6666:"We Shall Not Be Moved"6327:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.5762:Josephine Dobbs Clement5188:Chester school protests5183:Twenty-fourth Amendment5145:Detroit Walk to Freedom4887:Tallahassee bus boycott4808:Baton Rouge bus boycott4234:Dorothy Harrison Eustis4124:Catherine Filene Shouse3977:Patricia Roberts Harris3615:Mary Steichen Calderone3483:Lillian Moller Gilbreth3352:Frances Wisebart Jacobs3156:Martha Wright Griffiths2577:Ella J. Baker Biography2260:New York Public Library915:List of peace activists893:Baker Montessori School822:New York Public Library803:Baker Montessori School743:Representation in media683:participatory democracy462:Crusade for Citizenship291:Raleigh, North Carolina8700:Shaw University alumni8446:Season for Nonviolence8259:"Never Alone Martin" (7981:"Great X-Pectations" (7917:King in the Wilderness7538:Martin Luther King Sr.7514:Martin Luther King III7456:Poor People's Campaign7405:St. Augustine movement7365:Montgomery bus boycott7185:Martin Luther King Jr.7125:Movement photographers6367:Bernice Johnson Reagon6087:Martin Luther King Sr.6082:Martin Luther King Jr.5652:William Holmes Borders5424:Highlander Folk School5314:Poor People's Campaign5167:St. Augustine movement5017:Gomillion v. Lightfoot4940:Katz Drug Store sit-in4911:Royal Ice Cream sit-in4873:Montgomery bus boycott4180:Rebecca Talbot Perkins3675:Eunice Kennedy Shriver3539:Frances Xavier Cabrini3453:Elizabeth Hanford Dole3231:Ellen Swallow Richards3201:Constance Baker Motley2851:Elizabeth Bayley Seton2784:Elizabeth Cady Stanton2630:July 16, 2016, at the2568:, SNCC-People, iBiblio2534:Moye, J. Todd (2013).2504:African American Lives1917:Ransby (2003), p. 231.1718:Ransby (2003), p. 239.1686:Ransby (2003), p. 240.1603:Ransby (2003), p. 176.1594:Ransby (2003), p. 175.1585:Ransby (2003), p. 174.1567:Ransby (2003), p. 138.1558:Ransby (2003), p. 148.1549:Ransby (2003), p. 150.1540:Ransby (2003), p. 136.1531:Ransby (2003), p. 139.1491:Ransby (2003), p. 137.1368:"Ella Josephine Baker"1335:"A Woman of Influence"805:

773:Bernice Johnson Reagon721:

657:and spoke out against552:Bernice Johnson Reagon447:Montgomery bus boycott363:Bernice Johnson Reagon208:Martin Luther King Jr.7554:Christine King Farris7546:Alberta Williams King7331:Conscience for Change7274:Stride Toward Freedom6960:Civil Rights Memorial6848:Bethel Baptist Church6497:Charles Kenzie Steele5942:Audrey Faye Hendricks5847:Myrlie Evers-Williams5827:Patricia Stephens Due5797:Abraham Lincoln Davis5732:Colia Lafayette Clark5486:Operation Breadbasket5481:National Urban League5228:Katzenbach v. McClung5096:Atlanta's Berlin Wall4749:Civil rights movement4694:Anna Wessels Williams4381:Carlotta Walls LaNier4114:Elisabeth Kübler-Ross3972:Martha Matilda Harper3936:Mary Engle Pennington3774:Frances Oldham Kelsey3559:Anne Morrow Lindbergh3312:Jane Cunningham Croly3241:Katherine Siva Saubel3136:Marian Wright Edelman3059:Margaret Bourke-White2984:Harriet Beecher Stowe2566:Biography: Ella Baker2297:"Who Was Ella Baker?"2202:"Quilting a Movement"1285:"Who Was Ella Baker?"1204:Ransby (2003), p. 14.801:

761:The 1981 documentary716:

699:The minimization of (436:Civil rights movement430:New York City Council351:Scottsboro defendants335:Franklin D. Roosevelt293:, and graduated with251:civil rights movement239:grassroots organizing142:Civil rights movement8605:Lee–Jackson–King Day8558:Kennedy–King College8017:"Return of the King"7005:other King memorials6980:Freedom Rides Museum6917:1960s counterculture6868:Edmund Pettus Bridge6547:Walter Francis White6452:Alexander D. Shimkin4966:New Year's Day March4935:Ministers' Manifesto4782:Executive Order 99814391:Mary Harriman Rumsey4229:St. Katharine Drexel4073:Mary Burnett Talbert4068:Blanche Stuart Scott4053:Mother Marianne Cope4033:Ruth Fulton Benedict3992:Mildred Robbins Leet3690:Angelina Grimké Weld3564:Maria Goeppert Mayer3534:Charlotte Anne Bunch3111:Antoinette Blackwell3090:Gertrude Belle Elion3020:Ida B. Wells-Barnett2789:Helen Brooke Taussig2779:Margaret Chase Smith2523:Inouye, M. (2021). "2148:on December 22, 20151626:. pp.102–108.1452:Ransby (2003), p. 9.1372:The American Radical1312:(October 21, 2015).1259:"Ella Baker's Story"422:Walter Francis White222:, as leaders in the180:Ella Josephine Baker166:1938; 49:Ella Josephine Baker8470:Hope Moving Forward8235:Shed a Little Light7998:New York Undercover7993:"The Promised Land"7820:Conspiracy theories7601:(mentor, colleague)7389:Birmingham campaign6743:Mary McLeod Bethune6704:Sermon on the Mount6671:"We Shall Overcome"6252:William Lewis Moore6032:Frank Minis Johnson6007:Richie Jean Jackson5962:Donald L. Hollowell5767:Charles E. Cobb Jr.5572:Gwendolyn Armstrong5567:William G. Anderson5547:Victoria Gray Adams5511:The Freedom Singers5365:Black Panther Party5150:March on Washington5063:Garner v. Louisiana5024:Boynton v. Virginia4608:Rebecca S. Halstead4582:Mary Church Terrell4269:Barbara A. Mikulski3997:Patsy Takemoto Mink3982:Stephanie L. Kwolek3921:Ruth Bader Ginsburg3895:Emily Howell Warner3840:Dorothy H. Andersen3814:Annie Dodge Wauneka3809:Mary Edwards Walker3734:Faye Glenn Abdellah3665:Edith Nourse Rogers3645:Shirley Ann Jackson3620:Mary Ann Shadd Cary3498:Sandra Day O'Connor3478:Matilda Joslyn Gage3074:Florence B. Seibert2911:Carrie Chapman Catt2841:Juliette Gordon Low2724:Elizabeth Blackwell2719:Mary McLeod Bethune2077:www.cliohistory.org1347:on January 29, 20081127:James, Joy (1994).860:Ella J. Baker House840:Oakland, California312:Negro National News8685:Pacifist feminists8464:sculpture, Atlanta8248:Up to the Mountain8035:(2011 documentary)8008:Selma, Lord, Selma7930:(2020 documentary)7920:(2018 documentary)7890:(2008 documentary)7867:Our Friend, Martin7860:(1970 documentary)7703:Fred Shuttlesworth7498:Coretta Scott King7236:How Long, Not Long7218:Give Us the Ballot7060:Michael Eric Dyson6945:In popular culture6828:Fifth Circuit Four6812:Loving v. Virginia6805:Hernandez v. Texas6784:Buchanan v. Warley6776:Separate but equal6770:Plessy v. Ferguson6733:Frederick Douglass6567:Robert F. Williams6477:Kelly Miller Smith6457:Fred Shuttlesworth6382:Frederick D. Reese6362:George Raymond Jr.6352:A. Philip Randolph6332:Fay Bellamy Powell6247:Queen Mother Moore6132:Z. Alexander Looby6077:Coretta Scott King6022:Barbara Rose Johns6002:Jimmie Lee Jackson5927:William E. Harbour5707:Stokely Carmichael5622:Randolph Blackwell5292:King assassination5281:Loving v. Virginia5265:March Against Fear5245:How Long, Not Long5123:Children's Crusade5074:Cambridge movement5011:Ax Handle Saturday4976:Greensboro sit-ins4903:Give Us the Ballot4567:Barbara Rose Johns4518:Flossie Wong-Staal4493:Nicole Malachowski4422:Lorraine Hansberry4366:Marcia Greenberger4320:Mary Joseph Rogers4259:Coretta Scott King4244:Abby Kelley Foster4160:Susan Kelly-Dreiss4048:Rita Rossi Colwell3824:Frances E. Willard3660:Rozanne L. Ridgway3610:Lydia Moss Bradley3595:Madeleine Albright3488:Nannerl O. Keohane3458:Anne Dallas Dudley3387:Betty Bone Schiess3357:Susette La Flesche3342:Zora Neale Hurston3337:Helen LaKelly Hunt3261:Madam C. J. Walker3176:Mary Putnam Jacobi3126:Jacqueline Cochran3106:Ethel Percy Andrus2974:Barbara McClintock2403:. October 20, 20142245:on March 14, 2003.1951:www.dictionary.com1624:Simon and Schuster1024:Dastagir, Alia E.879:U.S. postage stamp872:Dorchester, Boston806:

540:Stokely Carmichael466:voter registration382:Harlem Renaissance374:John Henrik Clarke216:Stokely Carmichael204:A. Philip Randolph8617:

8616:

8613:

8612:

8588:Eponymous streets8431:Authorship issues8359:

8358:

8355:

8354:

8121:(1957 comic book)7984:A Different World7961:(1978 miniseries)7828:

7827:

7749:

7748:

7745:

7744:

7639:Bernard Lafayette7570:James Albert King7470:

7469:

7466:

7465:

7321:Why We Can't Wait7151:

7150:

6928:Eyes on the Prize6843:A.G. Gaston Motel6838:Kelly Ingram Park6798:Sweatt v. Painter6482:Mary Louise Smith6442:Cleveland Sellers6427:Michael Schwerner6392:Gloria Richardson6172:Thurgood Marshall6092:Bernard Lafayette5822:John Wesley Dobbs5336:

5335:

5055:Birmingham attack5035:Rock Hill sit-ins4986:Sibley Commission4981:Nashville sit-ins4853:Gebhart v. Belton4839:Briggs v. Elliott4832:Bolling v. Sharpe4793:Sweatt v. Painter4715:

4714:

4711:

4710:

4707:

4706:

4669:Kimberlé Crenshaw4664:Elouise P. Cobell4628:Katherine Johnson4598:Octavia E. Butler4530:

4529:

4526:

4525:

4437:Clare Boothe Luce4249:Helen Murray Free4202:

4201:

4198:

4197:

4063:Patricia A. Locke4028:Florence E. Allen4012:Sheila E. Widnall3957:Linda G. Alvarado3941:Mercy Otis Warren3900:Victoria Woodhull3885:Barbara Holdridge3880:Beatrice A. Hicks3855:Lydia Maria Child3769:Leontine T. Kelly3707:

3706:

3703:

3702:

3529:Louisa May Alcott3443:Mary Breckinridge3322:Geraldine Ferraro3307:Annie Jump Cannon3032:

3031:

3028:

3027:

2863:

2862:

2859:

2858:

2769:Eleanor Roosevelt2668:Inductees to the2496:Henry Louis Gates2429:Houston Chronicle2122:978-0-8078-2778-91749:978-0-19-860669-71622:. New York City:1289:Ella Baker Center1133:The Black Scholar963:Ella Baker Center847:Ella Baker School752:in the 2023 film625:; she encouraged608:Lyndon B. Johnson389:NAACP (1938–1953)372:Baker befriended263:Norfolk, Virginia243:radical democracy229:Baker criticized200:Thurgood Marshall177:

176:

74:December 13, 198663:Norfolk, Virginia59:December 13, 19038722:

8525:Pueblo, Colorado8456:Oval Office bust8365:

8348:

8339:

8330:

8312:

8300:

8283:

8273:

8264:

8255:

8242:

8229:

8220:

8207:

8198:

8185:

8172:

8159:

8146:

8122:

8101:

8091:

8081:

8071:

8050:

8036:

8026:

8012:

8002:

7988:

7977:

7962:

7941:

7931:

7921:

7911:

7901:

7891:

7881:

7871:

7861:

7845:

7834:

7755:

7738:

7730:

7722:

7714:

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7698:

7690:

7682:

7674:

7666:

7658:

7650:

7642:

7634:

7626:

7618:

7610:

7602:

7581:

7573:

7565:

7557:

7549:

7541:

7533:

7525:

7517:

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7501:

7487:

7476:

7459:

7451:

7443:

7432:

7424:

7416:

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7400:

7392:

7384:

7376:

7368:

7345:

7335:

7325:

7315:

7306:

7302:Strength to Love7296:

7287:

7278:

7257:

7248:

7239:

7230:

7221:

7204:

7193:

7178:

7171:

7164:

7155:

7142:

7141:

7105:Charles M. Payne7090:Steven F. Lawson7080:David Halberstam7050:Clayborne Carson6791:Hocutt v. Wilson6738:W. E. B. Du Bois6587:Sammy Younge Jr.6572:Q. V. Williamson6537:Wyatt Tee Walker6402:Bernice Robinson6347:Lincoln Ragsdale6337:Rodney N. Powell6232:Douglas E. Moore6107:Sanford R. Leigh6042:J. Charles Jones5917:Fannie Lou Hamer5832:Joseph Ellwanger5792:Jonathan Daniels5782:Claudette Colvin5772:Annie Lee Cooper5757:Kathleen Cleaver5752:Eldridge Cleaver5727:Shirley Chisholm5617:Gloria Blackwell5208:workers' murders5155:"I Have a Dream"5050:Anniston bombing5001:Greenville Eight4916:Little Rock Nine4879:Browder v. Gayle4767:

4742:

4735:

4728:

4719:

4547:

4536:

4503:Louise Slaughter4427:Victoria Jackson4386:Philippa Marrack4371:Barbara Iglewski4279:Kathrine Switzer4274:Donna E. Shalala4219:

4208:

4165:Allie B. Latimer4145:Louise Bourgeois4119:Judith L. Pipher3926:Katharine Graham3870:Marian de Forest3789:Anna Howard Shaw3739:Emma Smith DeVoe3724:

3713:

3625:Joan Ganz Cooney3549:Oveta Culp Hobby3544:Mary A. Hallaren3407:Sarah Winnemucca3276:Gloria Yerkovich3271:Rosalyn S. Yalow3226:Jeannette Rankin3206:Georgia O'Keeffe3161:Fannie Lou Hamer3121:Shirley Chisholm3069:Billie Jean King3049:

3038:

3000:Gwendolyn Brooks2880:

2869:

2709:Susan B. Anthony2689:

2678:

2662:

2655:

2648:

2639:

2549:

2481:Barbara Ransby,2441:

2440:

2438:

2436:

2419:

2413:

2412:

2410:

2408:

2393:

2387:

2386:

2384:

2382:

2368:

2362:

2361:

2359:

2357:

2343:

2337:

2336:

2334:

2332:

2318:

2312:

2311:

2309:

2307:

2293:

2287:

2286:

2284:

2282:

2268:

2262:

2253:

2247:

2246:

2241:. Archived from2231:

2225:

2224:

2222:

2220:

2197:

2191:

2190:

2178:

2172:

2171:

2165:

2157:

2155:

2153:

2144:. Archived from2142:uncpress.unc.edu2133:

2127:

2126:

2106:

2100:

2094:

2088:

2087:

2085:

2083:

2069:

2063:

2062:

2060:

2058:

2043:

2037:

2034:Jackson Advocate2020:

2014:

2003:Abu-Jamal, Mumia2000:

1991:

1985:

1979:

1973:

1967:

1966:

1964:

1962:

1945:Dictionary.com.1942:

1936:

1933:

1927:

1924:

1918:

1915:

1909:

1902:

1896:

1893:

1887:

1884:

1878:

1875:

1869:

1868:

1866:

1864:

1849:

1843:

1837:

1831:

1830:

1828:

1826:

1811:

1805:

1799:

1793:

1787:

1781:

1780:

1774:

1770:

1768:

1760:

1758:

1756:

1725:

1719:

1716:

1710:

1709:

1693:

1687:

1684:

1678:

1677:

1653:

1647:

1644:

1638:

1637:

1613:

1604:

1601:

1595:

1592:

1586:

1583:

1577:

1574:

1568:

1565:

1559:

1556:

1550:

1547:

1541:

1538:

1532:

1529:

1523:

1522:

1520:

1518:

1513:on July 31, 20201509:. Archived from1503:

1492:

1489:

1480:

1473:

1462:

1459:

1453:

1450:

1444:

1443:

1401:

1390:

1389:

1376:Psychology Press1363:

1357:

1356:

1354:

1352:

1343:. Archived from1330:

1324:

1323:

1306:

1300:

1299:

1297:

1295:

1281:

1275:

1274:

1272:

1270:

1265:on June 14, 20201255:

1249:

1246:

1240:

1226:

1217:

1214:

1205:

1202:

1196:

1195:

1193:

1191:

1174:

1165:

1164:

1124:

1118:

1117:

1069:

1063:

1062:

1060:

1058:

1047:

1041:

1040:

1038:

1036:

1021:

1015:

1014:

998:

988:

979:

978:

976:

974:

969:on July 15, 2019965:. Archived from955:

949:

948:

934:

864:community center471:Wyatt Tee Walker231:professionalized196:W. E. B. Du Bois184:African-American171:

169:

165:

77:

58:

56:

37:

23:

8732:

8731:

8725:

8724:

8723:

8721:

8720:

8719:

8620:

8619:

8618:

8609:

8472:statue, Atlanta8370:

8351:

8342:

8333:

8326:

8315:

8303:

8286:

8276:

8267:

8258:

8245:

8232:

8223:

8210:

8201:

8188:

8175:

8162:

8149:

8136:

8125:

8115:

8104:

8094:

8084:

8077:The Mountaintop8074:

8064:

8053:

8039:

8029:

8015:

8005:

7991:

7980:

7968:The First Store7965:

7955:

7944:

7934:

7924:

7914:

7904:

7894:

7884:

7874:

7870:(1999 animated)7864:

7854:

7839:

7824:

7762:

7741:

7733:

7725:

7717:

7709:

7701:

7693:

7685:

7677:

7669:

7661:

7653:

7645:

7637:

7629:

7621:

7613:

7605:

7599:Ralph Abernathy7597:

7590:

7584:

7576:

7568:

7560:

7552:

7544:

7536:

7528:

7520:

7512:

7504:

7496:

7481:

7462:

7454:

7446:

7435:

7427:

7419:

7411:

7403:

7395:

7387:

7381:Albany Movement7379:

7371:

7363:

7355:

7348:

7338:

7328:

7318:

7309:

7299:

7290:

7281:

7271:

7260:

7251:

7242:

7233:

7224:

7215:

7198:

7187:

7182:

7152:

7147:

7136:

7129:

7110:Thomas E. Ricks7100:Diane McWhorter7085:Vincent Harding7070:Adam Fairclough7037:

7031:

6933:

6888:Freedom Schools6747:

6680:

6628:

6622:

6613:Omaha, Nebraska6601:

6517:Hartman Turnbow6507:Dorothy Tillman6467:Glenn E. Smiley6447:Charles Sherrod6407:Jo Ann Robinson6282:Charles Neblett6272:Elijah Muhammad6237:Harriette Moore6197:Floyd McKissick6182:Franklin McCain6117:Stanley Levison5982:T. R. M. Howard5932:Vincent Harding5862:Walter Fauntroy5747:Xernona Clayton5697:John H. Calhoun5682:Aurelia Browder5672:Stanley Branche5667:Raylawni Branch5647:Joseph E. Boone5632:Ezell Blair Jr.5627:Unita Blackwell5602:Harry Belafonte5542:Ralph Abernathy5530:

5466:Nation of Islam5342:

5332:

5171:

5128:Birmingham riot5069:Albany Movement4991:Atlanta sit-ins4971:Sit-in movement4954:

4950:Biloxi wade-ins4922:Cooper v. Aaron4812:

4758:

4752:

4746:

4716:

4703:

4699:Serena Williams4642:

4586:

4572:Henrietta Lacks4562:Barbara Hillary4557:Aretha Franklin4541:

4522:

4508:Sonia Sotomayor4461:

4400:

4351:Tenley Albright4339:

4325:Bernice Sandler4283:

4264:Lilly Ledbetter4239:Loretta C. Ford4213:

4194:

4133:

4129:Henrietta Szold4089:Eleanor K. Baum4077:

4043:Hillary Clinton4016:

3967:Gertrude Ederle3962:Donna de Varona3945:

3904:

3850:Rosalynn Carter3828:

3804:Wilma L. Vaught3759:Crystal Eastman3754:Sylvia A. Earle3718:

3699:

3695:Chien-Shiung Wu3670:Felice Schwartz3640:Julia Ward Howe3583:

3574:Maria Tallchief3517:

3473:Margaret Fuller3468:Ella Fitzgerald3463:Mary Baker Eddy3416:

3372:Antonia Novello3347:Anne Hutchinson3280:

3221:Esther Peterson3196:Wilma Mankiller3116:Emily Blackwell3094:

3078:

3043:

3024:

2988:

2962:

2941:

2920:

2916:Frances Perkins2899:

2895:Sojourner Truth2890:Margaret Sanger2874:

2855:

2824:

2798:

2744:Emily Dickinson2704:Marian Anderson2683:

2672:

2666:

2632:Wayback Machine2601:by Joanne Grant2556:

2546:

2533:

2520:

2518:Further reading2450:

2445:

2444:

2434:

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2420:

2416:

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2320:

2319:

2315:

2305:

2303:

2295:

2294:

2290:

2280:

2278:

2270:

2269:

2265:

2254:

2250:

2233:

2232:

2228:

2218:

2216:

2199:

2198:

2194:

2180:

2179:

2175:

2158:

2151:

2149:

2135:

2134:

2130:

2123:

2108:

2107:

2103:

2095:

2091:

2081:

2079:

2071:

2070:

2066:

2056:

2054:

2045:

2044:

2040:

2030:Wayback Machine2021:

2017:

2011:South End Press2001:

1994:

1986:

1982:

1974:

1970:

1960:

1958:

1944:

1943:

1939:

1934:

1930:

1925:

1921:

1916:

1912:

1904:Grant, Joanne,1903:

1899:

1894:

1890:

1885:

1881:

1876:

1872:

1862:

1860:

1851:

1850:

1846:

1838:

1834:

1824:

1822:

1813:

1812:

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1800:

1796:

1788:

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1761:

1754:

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1727:

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1722:

1717:

1713:

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1690:

1685:

1681:

1674:

1666:. p.104.1655:

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1416:Sage Publishing1403:

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1378:. p.290.1365:

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1121:

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1018:

1011:

990:

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957:

956:

952:

944:Huffington Post936:

935:

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866:which supports796:

745:

740:

725:Mumia Abu-Jamal679:

635:

604:John F. Kennedy596:

591:

544:Curtis Muhammad487:

443:

438:

391:

316:George Schuyler308:

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287:Shaw University259:

173:

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157:

154:

133:

98:Shaw University89:

79:

75:

66:

60:

54:

52:

51:

50:

40:

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19:

12:

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8730:

8729:

8726:

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8697:

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8621:

8615:

8614:

8611:

8610:

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8607:

8602:

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8585:

8580:

8575:

8570:

8565:

8560:

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8545:, Indianapolis8539:

8534:

8529:

8528:

8527:

8522:

8517:

8512:

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