Jacques Pierre Brissot - Knowledge (XXH) (2024)

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2244:"I have declared, since the beginning of the Convention that there was in France a party of dis-organizers, which was tending towards the dissolution of the Republic, even while it was in its cradle.... I can prove to-day: first, that this party of anarchists has dominated and still dominates nearly all the deliberations of the Convention and the workings of the Executive Council; secondly, that this party has been and still is the sole cause of all the evils, internal as well as the external, which afflict France; and thirdly, that the Republic can only be saved by taking rigorous measures to wrest the representatives of the nation from the despotism of this faction... Laws that are not carried into effect, authorities without force and despised, crime unpunished, property attacked, the safety of the individual violated, the morality of the people corrupted, no constitution, no government, no justice, these are the features of anarchy!"1898:) and therefore could not have talked with the police as alleged. More convincing still is the work of historian Simon Burrows who, drawing on the Brissot papers (deposited in the Archives Nationales in 1982), comprehensively engages each of Darnton's speculations demonstrating that Brissot's financial problems were not evidence of fraud, that while – like many others – he traded in books and may have transported libelles, there is no evidence that he wrote them, and that while like many others he collected and collated general information on contemporary opinion in France for royal officials, there is no evidence that he operated as a paid police spy. As Burrows further notes, Darnton has progressively retreated from his earlier speculations, and he argues Brissot's behaviour in the 1780s and after, while it demonstrates his willingness to compromise with authority to advance his career, also demonstrates him to be "a committed1544:(27 August 1791) reached France shortly before the convening of the new Legislative Assembly, which Brissot rapidly came to dominate. The declaration was from Austria and Prussia, warning the people of France not to harm Louis XVI or these nations would "militarily intervene" in the politics of France. Threatened by the declaration, Brissot rallied the support of the Assembly, which subsequently declared war on Austria on 20 April 1792. They wanted to fortify and secure the revolution. This decision was initially disastrous as the French armies were crushed during the first engagements, leading to a major increase in political tensions within the country.6439:

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1438:, the American ambassador in Paris when he returned, was familiar enough with him to note, "Warville is returned charmed with our country. He is going to carry his wife and children to settle there." However, such an emigration never happened. In 1789 he published a pamphlet arguing that French deputies owed any black Frenchman and any enslaved people in the French colonies their "sacred rights" as much as any white man. In 1789 he was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the5843:

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1688:, supported by Georges Danton. The Committee was composed of nine deputies from the Plaine and the Dantonists, but no Girondins or Robespierrists. As one of the first acts of the Committee, Marat, president of the Jacobin club, called for the expulsion of twenty-two Girondins. Robespierre, who was not elected, was pessimistic about the prospects of parliamentary action and told the Jacobins that it was necessary to raise an army of1721:

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revolutionaries. Thus, he undoubtedly exemplified the beliefs of many supporters of the Revolution. Darnton sees him in this way, but also argued that he was intimately tangled in the business of "Grub Street", the scrappy world of publishing for profit in the eighteenth century, which was essential to the spread of Enlightenment ideas. Thus, Darnton explores his relationship to his business partners, to the

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1105:; but nine of his siblings died at infancy. Alongside his elder brother he was placed under the care of an uncle, residing in the countryside as priest. In 1762 he entered college, studying Latin and developing an admiration for the works of Voltaire, Diderot, and Rousseau. Transitioning to a career path, he began his tenure as a law clerk in 1769, initially in Chartres and later, from 1774, at the2491:

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1789:, he was caught travelling with false papers on 10 June and taken back to Paris. On 3 October, the trial of Brissot and the Girondins began. They were charged with being "agents of the counter-revolution and the foreign powers, especially Britain." Brissot, who conducted his own defence, attacked point by point the absurdities of the charges against him and his fellow Girondins.6349:

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1939:, remarked: "Brissot was quick, eager, impetuous, and a man of wide knowledge. However, he was indecisive, and not qualified to struggle against the fierce energies roused by the events of the Revolution." Brissot's stance on the King's execution and the war with Austria, and his moderate views on the Revolution intensified the friction between the Girondins and1523:. Brissot, a leading republican in the Girondin faction and a leading voice of the republican movement, was involved in drafting a petition demanding the removal of King Louis XVI. He along with other members managed to get approximately 6,000 signatures for the petition they circulated on 17 July 1791, during the gathering at the1774:, its leader, replied: "Tell your stupid president that he and his Assembly are doomed and that if within one hour he doesn't deliver to me the twenty-two, I'm going to blast it!" Under this threat of violence, the Convention capitulated and on 2 June 1793, Brissot and the other Girondins were arrested.1579:". The Girondins planned strategies to out-maneuver Robespierre's influence among the Jacobins. On 27 April, as part of his speech responding to the accusations by Brissot and Guadet against him, he threatened to leave the Jacobins, claiming he preferred to continue his mission as an ordinary citizen.2234:

suggested that Brissot represented the "defenders of property" and the "states-men", which would become the Girondins, also known as the "War Party." They were known for this name because they clamoured for a war that would ultimately force the king to step down (as opposed to a popular revolution);

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who wrote scandalous accusations against the crown and other leading figures, and to the police, arguing that based on suggestive evidence it is probable that when Brissot fell on hard financial times in the mid-1780s he agreed to operate as a police spy. Historian Frederick Luna has argued that the

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and other parties, argued that the king, by attempting to flee, had effectively abdicated his throne. The petition called for a national referendum on the future of the monarchy and was essentially a republican manifesto. In 1791 Robespierre persuaded the Jacobin clubs not to support the petition by

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As an agent of the newly formed society, Brissot travelled to the United States from June 1788 to January 1789 to visit abolitionists there. The country had gained independence several years before but was still a slave state. He also met with members of the constitutional convention in Philadelphia

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The end of Brissot appeared in sight when, on 26 May 1793, Brissot authored "To His Constituents", in which he demanded the guillotining of "the anarchists", and tried to rouse the middle classes to resist the decentralized departments, which had not taken the lead from Robespierre but rather from

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in 1747, had maintained a close relationship with Rousseau, providing financial support and overseeing the publication of his complete works. Brissot sent a summary to Voltaire, who praised his style and energy in a letter. Meanwhile, a law degree hardly charmed him, Brissot was more interested in

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encountered attempting to support themselves by their writing. Brissot's life and thinking are so well documented, from his early age through to his execution, many historians have examined him as a representative figure displaying the Enlightenment attitudes that drove many of the leading French

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Through his writings, Brissot made important contributions to "pre-revolutionary and revolutionary ideology in France". His early works on legislation, his many pamphlets, speeches in the Legislative Assembly and the convention, demonstrated dedication to the principles of the French Revolution.

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letters and memoirs from which Darnton drew his information were written fifteen years after his supposed employment and that the timeline does not work out because Brissot was documented as having left Paris as soon as he was released from the Bastille (where he was held on suspicion of writing

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Robespierre and Marat were among those who accused Brissot of various kinds of counterrevolutionary activity, such as, Orléanism, "federalism", being in the pay of Great Britain, having failed to vote for the immediate death of the former king, and having been a collaborator with General

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eventually brought about his downfall. On 8 October, the Convention decided to arrest Brissot. Like Madame Roland and Pétion, Brissot was accused of organising (or taking part in) conspicuous dinners. At the end of October 1793, he was guillotined along with 28 other Girondins by

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and the decentralized, populist element of the French Revolution, going so far as to demand the abolition of the Paris Commune. In December he published an account on the trial of the King. In March 1793, Robespierre was convinced Brissot and Dumouriez wanted to overthrow the

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Examen critique des voyages dans l'Amérique septentrionale, de M. le marquis de Chatellux, ou Lettre à M. le marquis de Chatellux, dans laquelle on réfute principalement ses opinions sur les quakers, sur les nègres, sur le peuple et sur l'homme, par J.-P. Brissot de

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to London. He believed it was a way to ensure the Regent-in-waiting's support of Philippe as the future "Regent" of France. But Brissot had a secret agenda as well. He considered Saint-Georges, a "man of color", the ideal person to contact his fellow

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and largely local organizers and agitators. Brissot was condemned and then escaped from Paris, going to Normandy and Brittany, where he and other Girondists, such as Pétion, Gaudet, Barbaroux, Louvet, Buzot, and Lanjuinais, had planned to organize

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He was president of the Society of the Friends of the Blacks during 1790 and 1791. The rising ferment of revolution engaged Brissot in schemes for progress through political journalism that would make him a household name. In 1791 he published his

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During the Legislative Assembly, Brissot's knowledge of foreign affairs enabled him as a member of the diplomatic committee to control much of France's foreign policy during this time. Brissot was a key figure in the declaration of war against

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revolutionary, his detractors have challenged his credibility and moral character. They have repeated contemporary allegations that during the mid-1780s, he defrauded his business partner, was involved in the production and dissemination of

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In August 1792 Brissot urged the preservation of the constitution, advocating against both the dethronement of the king and the election of a new assembly. Robespierre was no longer willing to cooperate with Brissot, who promoted the

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and quotes his answer from 13 April 1778. Brissot had a falling out with Catholicism, and wrote about his disagreements with the church's hierarchical system. Brissot became known as a writer and journalist who was engaged on the

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1617:. On Sunday morning 2 September the members of the Commune, gathering in the town hall to proceed the election of deputies to the National Convention, decided to maintain their seats and have Rolland and Brissot arrested.1518:

Leading up to this event, France was in political turmoil following the attempted escape of King Louis XVI and his family. The escape attempt heightened tensions and divisions within French society, particularly among the

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Discours sur la nécessité politique de révoquer le décret du 24 septembre 1791, pour mettre fin aux troubles de Saint Domingue; prononcé à l'Assemblée nationale, le 2 mars 1792. Par J.P. Brissot, député du département de

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1632:") finally rallied to Brissot. Brissot refrained from further visits to the Jacobin club. Madame Roland wrote to a friend: "We are under the knife of Robespierre and Marat, those who would agitate the people."2099:

Discours sur la nécessité de maintenir le décret rendu le 13 mai 1791, en faveur des hommes de couleur libres, prononcé le 12 septembre 1791, à la séance de la Société des Amis de la Constitution, séante aux

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2230:, but this plan had to be abandoned when it was refused by the local, decentralized districts of Paris, who had always been more revolutionary than their leaders. Historian and political theorist1717:. Here Brissot had seized the delegates of the convention, having them arrested, but the uprising was short-lived, as the masses marched through the streets and overthrew Brissot and his clique.1770:

in the Parisian National Guard, which had armed with cannons and surrounded the convention. When the refusal of the convention to make such a hasty decision was delivered to the National Guard,

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1575:. Shortly after Robespierre was accused by Brissot and Guadet of trying to become the idol of the people. Being against the war Robespierre was also accused of acting as a secret agent for the "1109:. Despite his legal aspirations, Brissot found himself embroiled in controversy due to the critical nature of some of his pamphlets, which scrutinized the government and the church. In 17777188:

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1949:. Brissot ultimately attempted to rein in the violence and excesses of the Revolution by calling for the reinstatement of the constitutional monarchy that had been established by the4432:

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2239:("To Salt Principals"), was that the masses had no "managing capacity" and that he feared a society ruled by "the great unwashed." Writing on 23 May 1793, Brissot had commented...1792:

On 8 October the Convention decided to arrest Brissot and the Girondins. Robespierre called for the dissolution of the Convention; he believed they would be admired by posterity.

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Charles, Sébastien (1 January 2013). "From Universal Pyrrhonism to Revolutionary Scepticism: Jacques-Pierre Brissot de Warville". In Charles, Sébastien; Smith, Plínio J. (eds.).

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and reformer, keen to avoid unnecessary entanglements in illegal activities, who despite his political radicalism, aspired to advise the regime and serve like-minded patrons."

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when he was appointed editor of "Courier de l'Europe", a periodical that did not do well and failed. He decided to "anglicize" his last name by appending "Warville", after

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2662:"A. Jourdan (2007) The "Alien Origins" of the French Revolution: American, Scottish, Genevan, and Dutch influences. Proceedings of the Western Society for French History"7651:

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Brissot's idea of a fair, democratic society, with universal suffrage, living in moral as well as political freedom, foreshadowed many modern liberationist ideologies.

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The varying actions of Brissot in the 1780s also helped create a key understanding of how the Enlightenment Republic of letters was transformed into a revolutionary

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Brissot's activities after the siege of the Bastille have been closely studied. While enthusiasts and apologists consider Brissot to be an idealist and unblemished,

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affirmed some of these accounts, and reaffirmed them in the 1980s, holding Brissot up as a case-study in the understanding of the difficult circ*mstances many

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He was unsuccessful, and on 30 October the death sentence was delivered to Brissot and the 21 other Girondins. The next day, the convicted men were taken by

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Wikisource: Œuvres complètes de Maximilien Robespierre. Speech Robespierre against Brissot and the girondins Delivered to the Convention on 10 April 1793

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Roster of Membership in the Society of Friends of Blacks, 1789," LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY: EXPLORING THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, accessed June 13, 2023,

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1226:; a friend paid the printer for the prospectus. Soon after his return to Paris, Brissot was on the charge of having published a p*rnographic pamphlet6747:

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Recherches philosophiques sur le droit de propriété considéré dans la nature, pour servir de premier chapitre à la "Théorie des lois" de M. Linguet

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Mémoires de Brissot... sur ses contemporains, et la révolution française; publ. par son fils; notes et éclaircissem*nts hist. par M.F. de Montrol

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as they travelled, and embracing the role of martyred patriots. Brissot was executed on 31 October 1793 at age 39. His corpse was buried in the

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Seconde lettre d'un défenseur du peuple a l'Empereur Joseph II, sur son règlement concernant, et principalement sur la révolte des Valaques

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1234:. The pamphlet was considered extremely provocative as it was perceived as opposing the queen. On 12 July Brissot was imprisoned in the1049:, Brissot advocated for war against Austria and other European powers in order to secure France's revolutionary gains, which led to the780:

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The Girondins, or Brissotins as they were initially called, were a group of loosely affiliated individuals, many of whom came from

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in Paris. The Girondins favored exporting the revolution and opposed a concentration of power in Paris. He collaborated on the

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Léonore Loft, "The Transylvanian Peasant Uprising of 1784, Brissot and the Right to Revolt: A Research Note", pp. 209–218 in:

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and applied those theories to modern science at the time in order to make knowledge well known about the enlightenment of

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Jourdan, A. (2007). "The 'alien origins' of the French Revolution: American, Scottish, Genevan, and Dutch influences".

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On 30 November 1789, Brissot suggested a scheme of municipal constitution for Paris, working in collaboration with the

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Brissot was one of the first Girondins to escape but was also one of the first captured. Passing through his hometown

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3137:"National Pride and Republican grandezza: Brissot's New Language for International Politics in the French Revolution"4495:

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On 28 May a weak Robespierre excused himself twice for his physical condition but attacked in particular Brissot of

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National Pride and Republican grandezza: Brissot's New Language for International Politics in the French Revolution

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In Paris suspected Girondin and Feuillant candidates were boycotted; Robespierre made sure Brissot (and his fellow

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From the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789, Brissot became one of its most vocal supporters. He edited the

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to find out what he could about the domestic debt of the United States and researching investment opportunities in

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Rome jugée, l'autorité du pape anéantie, pour servir de réponse aux bulles passées, nouvelles et futures du pape

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De la France et des Etats-Unis; ou Vlmportance de la Revolution de VAmerique pour le Bon- heur de la Fran, 1787

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De la France et des Etats-Unis ou de l'importance de la révolution de l'Amérique pour le bonheur de la France

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Frederick A. de Luna, " The Dean Street Style of Revolution: J.-P. Brissot, Jeune Philosophe ", pp. 162 in:

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De la Vérité des Méditations sur les moyens de parvenir à la vérité dans toutes les connaissances humaines

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Frederick A. de Luna, "The Dean Street Style of Revolution: J.-P. Brissot, Jeune Philosophe", p. 178 in:

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Rosendaal, J.G.M.M. (2005) De Nederlandse Revolutie. Vrijheid, volk en vaderland 1783–1799, p. 242, 245.

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1222:. The plan was unsuccessful and Brissot lost his investments. In May he was arrested and put in jail at1143:

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introduced him to Voltaire. In the same year he briefly visited London upon invitation. He relocated to

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Tableau de la situation actuelle des Anglais dans les Indes orientales, et Tableau de l'Inde en général

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Peter Kropotkin (1909). "Chapter 53: Counter-Revolution in Brittany—Assassination of Marat".

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51:

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1592:). In this publication, he criticized Brissot and expressed his skepticism over the war movement.7561:

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2911:

2804:"The "Alien Origins" of the French Revolution: American, Scottish, Genevan, and Dutch Influences"2737:

2708:

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417:

109:

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3119:"Brissot (de Warville), Jacques-Pierre | Britannica Concise Encyclopedia – Credo Reference"2929:

1759:

1701:

1669:

1223:

3053:(1856) La Révolution, recherches historiques, Quatrième partie, Paris, Gaume frères, pp. 136–372358:

Robert C. Darnton, "The Grub Street Style of Revolution: J.-P. Brissot, Police Spy", p. 301 in

1171:

with his wife and younger brother. Meanwhile, she translated English works, including those by

7566:

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De Luna, Frederick A. "The Dean Street style of revolution: J.-P. Brissot, jeune philosophe."

4146:

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4101:

4080:

4059:

3985:

Peter Kropotkin (1909). "Chapter 40: Attempts of the Girondins to Stop the Revolution".

3884:

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180:

3274:

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2608:

William Bridgewater; Elizabeth J. Sherwood; Evelyn Bartshi Boyce; etal., eds. (1950) .

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5077:

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4418:

4411:

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4300:

4268:

Loft, Leonore. "J.-P. Brissot and the evolution of pamphlet literature in the early 1780s".

3876:

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3197:

3015:

3007:

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2496:

One or more of the preceding sentencesincorporates text from a publication now in the

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1324:

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635:

539:

7050:

4258:

4250:

Marisa Linton, 'Friends, Enemies and the Role of the Individual,' in Peter McPhee (ed.),

3635:

3136:

2073:(in French). Vol.10. Berlin: Desauges; Lyon: Grabit & Rosset. 1785.2296:

2080:

Moyens d'adoucir la rigueur des lois pénales en France sans nuire à la sécurité publique

2063:(in French). Vol.9. Berlin: Desauges; Lyon: Grabit & Rosset. 1782.2053:(in French). Vol.8. Berlin: Desauges; Lyon: Grabit & Rosset. 1782.2043:(in French). Vol.7. Berlin: Desauges; Lyon: Grabit & Rosset. 1782.2033:(in French). Vol.6. Berlin: Desauges; Lyon: Grabit & Rosset. 1782.2023:(in French). Vol.5. Berlin: Desauges; Lyon: Grabit & Rosset. 1782.2013:(in French). Vol.4. Berlin: Desauges; Lyon: Grabit & Rosset. 1782.2003:(in French). Vol.3. Berlin: Desauges; Lyon: Grabit & Rosset. 1783.1993:(in French). Vol.1. Berlin: Desauges; Lyon: Grabit & Rosset. 1782.1490:

from 1789 to 1793 and took a prominent part in politics. Famous for his speeches at the

1191:, a plea for penal reform, Brissot explains that he submitted an outline of the book to7470:

7417:

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1685:

1557:

1431:

1254:

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660:

619:

514:

3951:

Peter Kropotkin (1909). "Chapter 30: The Legislative Assembly—Reaction in 1791–1792".

2116:

Correspondance universelle sur ce qui intéresse le bonheur de l'homme et de la société

2082:, Discours couronné par l'Académie de Châlons-sur-Marne en 1780, Châlons, 1781, in-8°.1720:

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6955:

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6116:

6059:

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3805:

Robert C. Darnton, "The Grub Street Style of Revolution: J.-P. Brissot, Police Spy",

3792:

2819:

2553:

2502:

2497:

2468:

2336:

1945:

1861:– p*rnographic and otherwise – and spied for the police. The accusations were led by1689:

1524:

1328:

1327:

into French. On his first trip Saint-Georges passed Brissot's request to the British

1270:

1168:

959:

701:

691:

534:

496:

483:

3934:

Peter Kropotkin (1909). "Chapter 26: Delays in the Abolition of the Feudal Rights".

2618:(2nded.). Columbia University Press. p.254 – via Internet Archive.2274:

7491:

7436:

7355:

7310:

7138:

7020:

6812:

5969:

5954:

5924:

4284:

Jacques Pierre Brissot in America and France, 1788–1793: In Search of Better Worlds

4115:

3917:

Peter Kropotkin (1909). "Chapter 24: The "Districts" and the "Sections" of Paris".

3725:

The Jacobin Clubs in the French Revolution, 1793-1795 by Michael L. Kennedy, p. 270

3395:

Jacques Pierre Brissot in America and France, 1788–1793: In Search of Better Worlds

2791:

Mémoires de Brissot / avec introduction, notices et notes par M. de Lescure, p. 407

2546:

The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest: 1500 to the present

1940:

1709:

1660:

was installed; Philippe Égalité was arrested. Robespierre accused Brissot, Isnard,

1640:

1520:

1491:

1478:

1459:

1302:

1058:

758:

569:

56:

3431:

J. P. Brissot, député à la Convention Nationale, à tous les républicains de France

2884:"Racial Equality, Slavery, and Colonial Secession during the Constituent Assembly"2803:

2190:(4 vol.) were published in 1829–1832 by his sons with François Mongin de Montrol:1796:

replied that was not his intention; applause followed and the session was closed.

1692:

to defend Paris and arrest infidel deputies, naming and accusing Brissot, Isnard,

1352:, an important advocacy of possible economic benefits to France stemming from the1151:

942:

395:

176:

4095:

4074:

3880:

2727:

2726:

Brissot de Warville, Jacques-Pierre (1754–1793) Auteur du texte (18 April 1877).

2210:

2206:

2202:

2198:

1652:. Dumouriez's defection on the next day changed the course of the events for the7443:

7350:

7208:

7098:

6875:

6845:

6146:

5994:

5335:

5128:

2661:

1849:, widely considered a traitor following his April 5 defection to the Austrians.1564:

on 1 February 1793. It was also Brissot who characterized these wars as part of

1408:. After returning to Paris on 19 February 1788, he and Clavière founded an anti-1331:, they complied by translating their publications into French for his fledgling1320:

1258:

1160:

1156:

921:

880:

868:

650:

624:

545:

1974:

7254:

7093:

6961:

6709:

6064:

4560:

4097:

Choosing Terror: Virtue, Friendship, and Authenticity in the French Revolution

3500:

Peter Kropotkin (1909). "Chapter 45: A New Rising Rendered Inevitable".

3081:"Jacques-Pierre Brissot: Journalist and Abolitionist in the French Revolution"2122:

Journal du Lycée de Londres, ou Tableau des sciences et des arts en Angleterre

1804:

1653:

1644:

1621:

1528:

309:

4235:

Choosing Terror: Virtue, Friendship and Authenticity in the French Revolution

3784:

3701:"Remains Discovered in Parisian Chapel May Belong to Guillotined Aristocrats"2328:

1142:, demonstrating a profound influence of the ethical principles championed by1121:, where his mother owned property. Brissot inherited a substantial amount of1045:

in July 1789, he became one of its most vocal supporters. As a member of the

239:

226:

7088:

6734:

6645:

6228:

5602:

4611:

3442:

Peter Kropotkin (1909). "Chapter 39: The "Mountain" and The Gironde".

3011:

1693:

1661:

1118:

1073:

1019:

853:

773:

3636:"Gazette nationale ou le Moniteur universel – Year available1793 – Gallica"2758:

Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History

2729:

Mémoires de Brissot / avec introduction, notices et notes par M. de Lescure

1982:

Bibliothèque philosophique du Législateur, du Politique et du Jurisconsulte

4197:. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1964) ix–xxvii3545:"Brissot de Warville: A Study in the History of the French Revolution ..."2907:

2833:

Riley, James C. (1982). "Financial and Economic Ties, The First Century".

2704:

2460:

2107:

2098:

1072:

declared in the Convention that the whole war was a prepared game between

7431:

7370:

7249:

7123:

4925:

4309:

3873:

Scepticism in the Eighteenth Century: Enlightenment, Lumières, Aufklärung

2070: